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Altai Republic
Республика Алтай | |
|---|---|
| Other official transcription(s) | |
| • Altai | Алтай Республика |
| • Kazakh | Алтай Республикасы / Altai Respublikasy |
| Anthem: National Anthem of the Altai Republic | |
.svg) | |
| Coordinates: 50°55′N 86°55′E / 50.917°N 86.917°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal district | Siberian |
| Economic region | West Siberian |
| Capital | Gorno-Altaysk[1] |
| Government | |
| • Type | State Assembly—El Kurultai[2] |
| • Head[2] | Oleg Khorokhordin[3] |
| Area | |
| • Total | 92,903 km2 (35,870 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| • Total |  210,924 |
| • Rank | 81st |
| • Density | 2.27/km2 (5.9/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 31% |
| • Rural | 69% |
| Time zone | UTC+6 (MSK+3[6]) |
| ISO 3166 code | RU-AL |
| Vehicle registration | 04 |
| Official language(s) | |
| Website | www |
The Altai Republic (/ˈæltaɪ/; Altay: Алтай Республика, romanized: Altay Respublika;[9] Kazakh: Алтай Республикасы; Russian: Респу́блика Алта́й, romanized: Respublika Altay, IPA: [rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə ɐlˈtaj]), also known as Gorno-Altai Republic, and colloquially, and primarily referred to in Russian to distinguish from the neighbouring Altai Krai as the Gornyi Altai (Russian: Горный Алтай, lit. 'the mountainous Altai'), is a republic of Russia located in southern Siberia. The republic borders the Russian federal subjects of Kemerovo Oblast to the north, Khakassia to the northeast, Tuva to the east, Altai Krai to the west, as well it borders three countries: Mongolia to the southeast, China to the south and Kazakhstan to the southwest. It is a part of the Siberian Federal District, and covers an area of 92,903 square kilometers (35,870 sq mi), with a population of 210,924 residents. It is the least-populous republic of Russia and least-populous federal subject in the Siberian Federal District.[5] Gorno-Altaysk is the capital and the largest town of the republic.
The Altai Republic is one of Russia's ethnic republics, primarily representing the indigenous Altai people, a Turkic ethnic group that form 37% of the republic's population, while ethnic Russians form a majority at 54%. Other minority populations include Kazakhs, other Central Asian ethnicities, and Germans. The official languages of the Altai Republic are Russian and Altai. Kazakh is official in areas of compact settlement of its speakers.[10]
History
The Xiongnu Empire (209 BC – AD 93) governed the territory of the modern Altai Republic. The area was part of the First Turkic Khaganate, the Uyghur Empire, and the Yeniseian Kyrgyzs. It was during this time that the local population became fully Turkicized culturally and linguistically.[11]
The southern part of the Altai Republic came under the Naiman Khanate. The territory of the modern Altai Republic has been ruled by the Mongolic Xianbei state (93–234), Rouran Khaganate (330–555), Mongol Empire (1206–1368), Golden Horde (1240–1502), Zunghar Khanate (1634–1758) and Qing Empire (1757–1864).
The Qing period is a semi-autonomous period with the supervision of two Altan Nuur Uriankhai Governor Banners and part of the seven Altai Uriankhai banners. During the Qing administration, the General of Siberia Fedor Ivanovich Soimonov launched a non-military expedition into the Altan Nuur region in 1760 and began fort building. This was subsequently removed by Heseri Jalafungga of the Qing. Since the 1820s, the routine border check was less frequent and the Chuy drainage basin has been occupied by Russians.
The entire Altan Nuur Uriankhai region was annexed into the Russian Empire in 1864–1867 by the Treaty of Tarbagatai. During the Russian Civil War, the Confederated Republic of Altai (Karakorum-Altai Region) was established in 1918, and declared as the first step to rebuilding Genghis Khan's Mongol Empire.[12] But it never became a competing force in the Russian Civil War, and stayed neutral from 1918 until January 1920, when it was annexed back into Russia. A second Altai Republic was formed in 1921 and lasted until 1922 when they were annexed by the Bolsheviks.[12]
On June 1, 1922, the Altaians regained autonomy with the creation of the Oyrot Autonomous Oblast (Ойро́тская автоно́мная о́бласть), part of Altai Krai. The original name for this region was Bazla. On January 7, 1948, it was renamed Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast (Го́рно-Алта́йская автоно́мная о́бласть). In 1991 it was reorganized into the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR). In 1992 it was renamed as the Altai Republic.
Geography
The Altai Republic is situated in the Altai Mountains in the very center of Asia at the junction of the Siberian taiga, the steppes of Kazakhstan and the semi-deserts of Mongolia. Forests cover about 25% of the republic's territory.
- Area: 92,600 km2 (35,800 sq mi)
- Borders:
- internal: Kemerovo Oblast (N), Republic of Khakassia (NE), Tuva Republic (E), and Altai Krai (W/NW).
- international: Mongolia (Bayan-Ölgii Province) (SE), China (Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang) (S), and Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Province) (S/SW)
- Highest point: Mount Belukha (4,506 m)
- Maximum N–S distance: 360 km
- Maximum E–W distance: 380 km
Rivers and lakes
More than 20,000 tributaries sprawl throughout the mountainous Republic, making for a total of more than 60,000 kilometers (37,000 mi) worth of waterways. The republic's largest rivers are the Katun and the Biya, both of which originate in the mountains and flow northwards. The junction of the two rivers eventually forms the Ob River, one of the longest rivers in Siberia, which flows northward to the Arctic Ocean.
The source of the black Biya River is Lake Teletskoye, the region's largest lake located in an isolated area far south in the mountains. The emerald-colored Katun River has its source at the Gebler glacier, which is situated on the Republic's highest point, Mount Belukha. The Katun River, in particular, holds a religious significance for native Altaians, as well as for many Russians who live in the area, as Mount Belukha is known in Altai folklore to be the gateway to the mystical kingdom of Shambhala.[13]
The hydrographic network of the Republic also includes approximately 7,000 lakes, adding up to a total area of more than 700 km2 (270 sq mi). The largest lake is Lake Teletskoye, which is 80 km (50 mi) long and 5 km (3.1 mi) wide, has an area of 230.8 square kilometers (89.1 sq mi), and has a maximum depth of 325 meters (1,066 ft). The mountain lakes of Altai contain enormous freshwater reserves of a very pure quality as a result of their distance from civilization.[14] Lake Teletskoye alone contains more than 40 cubic kilometers (9.6 cu mi) of very clear water.
Potential groundwater storage is evaluated at 22 million cubic metres (780×106 cu ft) per day, while the present use constitutes about 44,000 m3 (1,600,000 cu ft) per day.
Mountains
The most striking geographical aspect of the Republic of Altai is its mountainous terrain. The Republic is situated within the Russian part of the Altai Mountains system, which covers a large part of the Republic and continues into neighboring Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. The region continues to experience periodic notable seismic activity, which is visually made apparent through the mountains' characteristically high and rugged mountain ridges, separated by narrow and deep river valleys. The Republic's highest peak, Mount Belukha (4,506 m), is the highest point in Siberia.
Natural resources
Various bodies of water are among the most important natural resources of the Republic. Mineral and hot springs are popular destinations for tourists and locals, sought for their therapeutic effects. Additionally, Altai glaciers contain a great amount of fresh water. The general volume of ice for registered Altai glaciers comes to a total of 57 km3, 52 km3 of which is water. The total water stock of the glaciers exceeds the average annual effluence of all Altai rivers, which are equal to 43 km3 per year. The largest glaciers are Bolshoy Taldurinsky (35 km2), Mensu (21 km2), Sofiysky (17 km2), and Bolshoy Maashey (16 km2).
Mineral resources in the region primarily include gold, silver, iron ores, and lithium, in addition to other smaller amounts of minerals. The large city of Barnaul in neighboring Altai Krai was founded as a processing center for minerals from the Altai region, although the mineral extraction industry today is much smaller than in the past.
Climate
The republic has a temperate continental climate with relatively short and mild summers (June–August); and long, cold, and often quite frosty winters (November–March).
In general, the republic's climate of the southeastern areas, such as the (Ulagansky and Kosh-Agachsky Districts), is harsher than the climate of the less elevated northern areas.
- Average annual temperature: +1 °C to −6.7 °C.
- January temperature range: -9.2 °C to −31 °C.
- July temperature range: +11 °C to +19 °C.
- Average annual precipitation: 100–1000 mm.
Administrative divisions
The Altai Republic is administratively divided into ten districts and Gorno-Altaysk Urban Okrug. The districts are further subdivided into ninety-two rural settlements.
Demographics
Population:
210,924 (2021 Census);[5] 206,168 (2010 Census);[15] 202,947 (2002 Census);[16] 191,649 (1989 Census).[17]
Vital statistics
- Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived 2008-04-12 at the Wayback Machine[18][19]
| Average population (× 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Fertility rates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 168 | 3,236 | 1,486 | 1,750 | 19.3 | 8.8 | 10.4 | |
| 1975 | 170 | 3,805 | 1,724 | 2,081 | 22.4 | 10.1 | 12.2 | |
| 1980 | 175 | 3,841 | 2,082 | 1,759 | 21.9 | 11.9 | 10.1 | |
| 1985 | 185 | 4,256 | 2,097 | 2,159 | 23.0 | 11.3 | 11.7 | |
| 1990 | 194 | 3,753 | 2,126 | 1,627 | 19.3 | 10.9 | 8.4 | 2,52 |
| 1991 | 196 | 3,579 | 2,064 | 1,515 | 18.2 | 10.5 | 7.7 | 2,41 |
| 1992 | 197 | 3,263 | 2,271 | 992 | 16.6 | 11.5 | 5.0 | 2,25 |
| 1993 | 197 | 2,878 | 2,630 | 248 | 14.6 | 13.4 | 1.3 | 2,00 |
| 1994 | 198 | 2,931 | 2,875 | 56 | 14.8 | 14.5 | 0.3 | 2,03 |
| 1995 | 199 | 2,853 | 2,637 | 216 | 14.3 | 13.2 | 1.1 | 1,93 |
| 1996 | 200 | 2,704 | 2,567 | 137 | 13.5 | 12.8 | 0.7 | 1,80 |
| 1997 | 200 | 2,686 | 2,547 | 139 | 13.4 | 12.7 | 0.7 | 1,77 |
| 1998 | 201 | 2,923 | 2,367 | 556 | 14.5 | 11.8 | 2.8 | 1,89 |
| 1999 | 202 | 2,742 | 2,536 | 206 | 13.6 | 12.6 | 1.0 | 1,74 |
| 2000 | 203 | 2,907 | 2,645 | 262 | 14.3 | 13.0 | 1.3 | 1,82 |
| 2001 | 203 | 3,033 | 2,870 | 163 | 14.9 | 14.1 | 0.8 | 1,87 |
| 2002 | 203 | 3,252 | 3,061 | 191 | 16.0 | 15.1 | 0.9 | 1,98 |
| 2003 | 203 | 3,392 | 3,173 | 219 | 16.7 | 15.7 | 1.1 | 2,04 |
| 2004 | 202 | 3,513 | 3,015 | 498 | 17.4 | 14.9 | 2.5 | 2,08 |
| 2005 | 202 | 3,502 | 3,170 | 332 | 17.3 | 15.7 | 1.6 | 2,03 |
| 2006 | 202 | 3,395 | 2,837 | 558 | 16.8 | 14.1 | 2.8 | 1,93 |
| 2007 | 202 | 4,066 | 2,574 | 1,492 | 20.1 | 12.7 | 7.4 | 2,29 |
| 2008 | 203 | 4,442 | 2,549 | 1,893 | 21.9 | 12.5 | 9.3 | 2,48 |
| 2009 | 204 | 4,266 | 2,492 | 1,774 | 20.9 | 12.2 | 8.7 | 2,48 |
| 2010 | 206 | 4,224 | 2,508 | 1,716 | 20.6 | 12.2 | 8.3 | 2,48 |
| 2011 | 207 | 4,719 | 2,529 | 2,190 | 22.7 | 12.2 | 10.5 | 2,84 |
| 2012 | 209 | 4,693 | 2,416 | 2,277 | 22.4 | 11.5 | 10.9 | 2,91 |
| 2013 | 211 | 4,442 | 2,392 | 2,027 | 21.1 | 11.3 | 9.8 | 2,82 |
| 2014 | 213 | 4,404 | 2,365 | 2,039 | 20.7 | 11.1 | 9.6 | 2,88 |
| 2015 | 214 | 4,022 | 2,347 | 1,675 | 18.7 | 10.9 | 7.8
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