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Blue zones are regions in the world where people are claimed to live, or have recently lived, longer than average, identified by Gianni Pes, Michel Poulain and Dan Buettner.
Five blue zones have been posited: Okinawa, Japan; Sardinia, Italy; Nicoya, Costa Rica; Icaria, Greece; and Loma Linda, California, United States.[1]
History
The concept of blue zones grew out of demographic work done by Gianni Pes and Michel Poulain, published in 2004 by the journal Experimental Gerontology,[2] who identified Sardinia's Nuoro province as the region with the highest concentration of male centenarians. As the two men zeroed in on the cluster of villages with the highest longevity, they began referring to the area as the "blue zone".[3] Building on this demographic work, Dan Buettner pinpointed four additional locations: Okinawa, Nicoya, Icaria, and Loma Linda.[1]
Zones
Through continued research, the following five areas have been identified as blue zones:[3][1]
- Sardinia, Italy*
- Okinawa, Japan
- Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica
- Icaria, Greece
- Loma Linda, California, United States
*In Sardinia, particularly Ogliastra, Barbagia of Ollolai, and Barbagia of Seulo; A village called Seulo, located in the Barbagia of Seulo, holds the record of 20 centenarians from 1996 to 2016, which confirms it is "the place where people live the longest in the world".[4]
In 1998, a study was carried out by the Swiss research group Bluezones in collaboration with System-Biologie AG on the eating habits of the population of Yuzurihara, Japan, where the inhabitants grew very old with the best quality of life. This was part of a worldwide research to find plant species with cell rejuvenation properties.[5] Another research group at the University of California, in collaboration with the University of Rome La Sapienza, is investigating temporal blue zones in Italy outside of Sardinia.[6]
Criticism
A study of claimed longevity in Okinawa was unable to verify whether or not residents were as old as they claimed because many records did not survive World War II.[7] More recent data has shown that life expectancy in Okinawa is no longer exceptional when compared to the rest of Japan: "male longevity is now ranked 26th among the 47 prefectures of Japan."[8]
Harriet Hall, writing for Science-Based Medicine, has written that controlled studies into the blue zones are lacking and the blue zones diet is based on speculation, not solid science.[9]
See also
- AARP/Blue Zones Vitality Project
- Alameda County Study
- Longevity
- Centenarian
- Supercentenarian
- Research into centenarians
- Gerontology Research Group
Further reading
- Kiersten Hickman (28 Jan 2022). "The Most Common Food Eaten By The Healthiest People In The World". Eat This, Not That!.
- Eliza Barclay (11 April 2015). "Eating To Break 100: Longevity Diet Tips From The Blue Zones". NPR: The Salt. Retrieved 28 Jan 2022.
References
- ^ a b c "Blue Zones—Live Longer, Better". Blue Zones. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
- ^ Poulain, Michel; Pes, Giovanni Mario; Grasland, Claude; Carru, Ciriaco; Ferrucci, Luigi; Baggio, Giovannella; Franceschi, Claudio; Deiana, Luca (2004-09-01). "Identification of a geographic area characterized by extreme longevity in the Sardinia island: the AKEA study" (PDF). Experimental Gerontology. 39 (9): 1423–1429. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2004.06.016. PMID 15489066. S2CID 21362479. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-07. Retrieved 2019-09-17.
- ^ a b Poulain, Michel; Herm, Anne; Pes, Gianni. The Blue Zones: areas of exceptional longevity around the world in: Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, vol. 11, 2013, p. 87-108.
- ^ "Seulo, il paese più longevo del mondo Soprannomi e segreti del paese dei record - Cronaca". L'Unione Sarda.it. 2016-04-03. Archived from the original on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
- ^ KOMORI, TOYOSUKE (1984). "Looking back of studies on the long life village "Yuzurihara". - Especially upon the relation-ship between long life and bacterial situation in intestine". Japanese Journal of AMHTS. 11 (3): 199–209. doi:10.7143/jhep1975.11.199. ISSN 1884-4081.
- ^ Schaeffel, Frank (1999). "Das wachsende Auge - ein optisches System mit Autofokus". Biologie in unserer Zeit. 29 (4): 238–246. doi:10.1002/biuz.960290407. ISSN 0045-205X.
- ^ Poulain, Michel (2011-07-21). "Exceptional Longevity in Okinawa:: A Plea for In-depth Validation". Demographic Research. 25 (7): 245–284. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2011.25.7.
- ^ Hokama, Tomiko; Binns, Colin (October 2008), "Declining longevity advantage and low birthweight in Okinawa", Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 20 Suppl: 95–101, PMID 19533867
- ^ Hall, Harriet. (2021). "Blue Zones Diet: Speculation Based on Misinformation". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
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