Upozornenie: Prezeranie týchto stránok je určené len pre návštevníkov nad 18 rokov!
Zásady ochrany osobných údajov.
Používaním tohto webu súhlasíte s uchovávaním cookies, ktoré slúžia na poskytovanie služieb, nastavenie reklám a analýzu návštevnosti. OK, súhlasím









A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

Embedded journalist
 
An embedded civilian journalist taking photographs of US soldiers in Pana, Afghanistan.

Embedded journalism refers to war correspondents being attached to military units involved in armed conflicts. While the term could be applied to many historical interactions between journalists and military personnel, it first came to be used in the media coverage of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The United States military responded to pressure from the country's news media who were disappointed by the level of access granted during the 1991 Gulf War and the 2001 U.S. invasion of Afghanistan.[1]

Journalists who instead opted to cover the invasion of Iraq on the battlefield while unattached to any military force came to be called "unilaterals."[2] Journalists chose to act as unilaterals to avoid the restrictions imposed on them by the military, and sometimes embed restrictions, which required embeds to stay with assigned units. Journalists sometimes opted to act as unilaterals out of concern that being under the constant protection of troops in the US-led coalition on the battlefield would bias their judgement in favor of coalition forces. The military often regarded unilateral journalists as sources of trouble on the battlefield and refuse to talk to them or not recognize unilateral journalists as "official" media.

The practice has been criticized as being part of a propaganda campaign whereby embedded journalists accompanied the invading forces as cheerleaders and media relations representatives.[3]

2003 invasion of Iraq

At the start of the war in March 2003, as many as 775 reporters and photographers were traveling as embedded journalists.[4] These reporters signed contracts with the military promising not to report information that could compromise unit position, future missions, classified weapons, and information they might find.[clarification needed][5][6] Joint training for war correspondents started in November 2002 in advance of start of the war.[7] When asked why the military decided to embed journalists with the troops, Lt. Col. Rick Long of the U.S. Marine Corps replied, "Frankly, our job is to win the war. Part of that is information warfare. So we are going to attempt to dominate the information environment."[8]

Military control

The first journalist to run afoul of U.S. military rules in Iraq was freelancer Philip Smucker, travelling on assignment for The Christian Science Monitor with the 1st Marine Division. Smucker was not officially embedded, but all reporters in the theater of war were deemed subject to Pentagon oversight. On March 26, 2003, during an interview with CNN, Smucker disclosed the location of a Marine unit, as he'd also done during an interview with NPR. He was thereafter expelled.[9]

Four days later, Fox News Channel correspondent Geraldo Rivera similarly broadcast details from Iraq of the position and plans of U.S. troops. "Let me draw a few lines here for you," he said, making on-camera marks in the sand. "First, I want to make some emphasis here that these hash marks here, this is us. We own that territory. It's 40%, maybe even a little more than that." At another point, complained a CENTCOM spokesman, Rivera "actually revealed the time of an attack prior to its occurrence." Although Rivera—like Philip Smucker—was not officially embedded, he was swiftly escorted back to Kuwait.[10] A week later, Rivera apologized. "I'm sorry that it happened," he said on Fox News Channel, "and I assure you that it was inadvertent. Nobody was hurt by what I said. No mission was compromised." However, a network review, he admitted, "showed that I did indeed break one of the rules related to embedment."[11]

In December 2005 the U.S. Coalition Forces Land Component Command in Kuwait pulled the credentials of two embedded journalists on a two-week assignment for the Virginian-Pilot newspaper in Norfolk, Virginia, claiming they violated a prohibition against photographing damaged vehicles.[12]

Criticism

We were a propaganda arm of our governments. At the start the censors enforced that, but by the end we were our own censors. We were cheerleaders.

The ethics of embedded journalism are considered controversial.[14][15] The practice has been criticized as being part of a propaganda campaign and an effort to keep reporters away from civilian populations and sympathetic to invading forces; for example by the documentary films War Made Easy: How Presidents & Pundits Keep Spinning Us to Death and The War You Don't See.

Embed critics objected that the level of military oversight was too strict and that embedded journalists would make reports that were too sympathetic to the American side of the war, leading to use of the alternate term "inbedded journalist" or "inbeds". "Those correspondents who drive around in tanks and armored personnel carriers," said journalist Gay Talese in an interview, "who are spoon-fed what the military gives them and they become mascots for the military, these journalists. I wouldn't have journalists embedded if I had any power!... There are stories you can do that aren't done. I've said that many times."[16]

On June 14, 2014, The New York Times published an opinion piece critical of embedded journalism during both the U.S. military occupation of Iraq and the war in Afghanistan. It was written by PVT Chelsea Manning, the former U.S. Army intelligence analyst known for leaking the largest set of classified documents in American history. At no point during her 2009–10 deployment in Iraq, Manning wrote, were there more than a dozen American journalists covering military operations—in a country of 31 million people and 117,000 U.S. troops. Manning charged that vetting of reporters by military public affairs officials was used "to screen out those judged likely to produce critical coverage," and that once embedded, journalists tended "to avoid controversial reporting that could raise red flags" out of fear having their access terminated. "A result," wrote Manning, "is that the American public's access to the facts is gutted, which leaves them with no way to evaluate the conduct of American officials." Manning noted, "This program of limiting press access was challenged in court in 2013 by a freelance reporter, Wayne Anderson, who claimed to have followed his agreement but to have been terminated after publishing adverse reports about the conflict in Afghanistan. The ruling on his case upheld the military's position that there was no constitutionally protected right to be an embedded journalist."[17]

Gina Cavallaro, a reporter for the Army Times, said, "They're relying more on the military to get them where they want to go, and as a result, the military is getting smarter about getting its own story told." But, she added, "I don't necessarily consider that a bad thing."[18]

Dangers

During both the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan, improvised explosive devices (IEDs) were used extensively against U.S.-led Coalition forces, and accounted for the majority of Coalition casualties. Journalists travelling with ground forces were at the same risk.[19][20] On January 29, 2006, while embedded with the U.S. Army's 4th Infantry Division, ABC's World News Tonight co-anchor Bob Woodruff and cameraman Doug Vogt were, together with an Iraqi soldier, seriously injured when their convoy was ambushed near Taji, Iraq, and an IED detonated beneath them. At the time of the attack, Woodruff and Vogt were exposed, standing in the back hatch of their Iraqi mechanized vehicle taping a video log of the patrol.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ Center, Pew Research (2003-04-03). "Embedded Reporters". Pew Research Center's Journalism Project. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  2. ^ Shafer, Jack (May 1, 2003). "Embeds and Unilaterals". Slate. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  3. ^ Cockburn, Patrick (23 November 2010). "Embedded journalism: A distorted view of war". The Independent. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  4. ^ "Reporters, commentators conduct an in-depth postmortem of Iraq war's media coverage". www.berkeley.edu.
  5. ^ "Pros and Cons of Embedded Journalism". PBS. Archived from the original on 2003-04-21.
  6. ^ "War in Iraq -- Media embed ground rules". Archived from the original on 2009-09-02. Retrieved 2010-03-24.
  7. ^ Borger, Julian (1 November 2002). "Flabby journalists sent to boot camp". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
  8. ^ "Postmortem: Iraq war media coverage both dazzled and obscured". www.berkeley.edu.
  9. ^ "Silha Center : University of Minnesota". www.silha.umn.edu.
  10. ^ Carr, David (1 April 2003). "A NATION AT WAR: COVERAGE; Pentagon Says Geraldo Rivera Will Be Removed From Iraq". The New York Times.
  11. ^ "Geraldo: I Messed Up, But 'Nobody Was Hurt'".
  12. ^ "MRE Criticizes Expelling of Embeds Over Pix of Shot-Up Humvee – Editor & Publisher". www.editorandpublisher.com. 15 December 2005.
  13. ^ Knightley, Phillip. The First Casualty, 1975. p. 333
  14. ^ Farrell, Stephen (25 June 2010). "Embedistan".
  15. ^ Myers, Steven Lee (20 August 2010). "Embedistan: Embedding in Iraq During the Invasion and the Drawdown".
  16. ^ Interview with Gay Talese, David Shankbone, Wikinews, October 27, 2007.
  17. ^ Manning, Chelsea (14 June 2014). "Opinion - Chelsea Manning on the U.S. Military and Media Freedom". The New York Times.
  18. ^ "Embed Cavallaro sees war from the inside". 6 April 2005. Archived from the original on 6 April 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  19. ^ Boone, Jon (10 January 2010). "How journalists embedded in Afghanistan are too close for comfort". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
  20. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld - UNESCO deplores recent killing, abduction of journalists in Afghanistan".
  21. ^ "Woodruff, Cameraman Seriously Injured in Iraq". ABC News. 4 February 2006.
Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Embedded_journalist
>Text je dostupný pod licencí Creative Commons Uveďte autora – Zachovejte licenci, případně za dalších podmínek. Podrobnosti naleznete na stránce Podmínky užití.

čítajte viac o Embedded_journalist


čítajte viac na tomto odkaze: Embedded journalist



Hladanie1.

File:Army.mil-2007-06-26-111327.jpg
Pana, Afghanistan
War correspondent
Military
Armed conflicts
2003 invasion of Iraq media coverage
United States military
Gulf War
War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
Propaganda campaign
Public relations
Wikipedia:Please clarify
Information warfare
The Christian Science Monitor
1st Marine Division (United States)
CNN
National Public Radio
Fox News Channel
Geraldo Rivera
United States Central Command
Objectivity (journalism)
Charles Lynch (journalist)
Ethics
Propaganda
Documentary film
War Made Easy: How Presidents & Pundits Keep Spinning Us to Death
The War You Don't See
Gay Talese
The New York Times
History of Iraq (2003–11)
War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
Chelsea Manning
Army Times
Iraq War
War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
Improvised explosive device
4th Infantry Division (United States)
ABC World News
Bob Woodruff
Doug Vogt
Taji, Iraq
Editorial independence
Freedom of the press
War correspondent
Enemy Image
The Pentagon
Generation Kill
Weapons of Mass Deception
Danny Schechter
Robert Young Pelton
Slate (magazine)
PBS
Knightley, Phillip
Gay Talese on the state of journalism, Iraq and his life
Wikinews
Template:Cite web
Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown
Category:Embedded journalism
SourceWatch
Template:Journalism
Template talk:Journalism
Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism
Journalism
Journalist
Columnist
Blog
Editing
Copy editing
Meteorologist
News presenter
Photojournalism
Pundit
News
News style
Journalism ethics and standards
Code of ethics in media
Journalism culture
Journalistic objectivity
News values
Source (journalism)
Defamation
Sensationalism
Editorial independence
Journalism school
Arts journalism
Business journalism
Data journalism
Entertainment journalism
Environmental journalism
Fashion journalism
Medical journalism
Music journalism
Political journalism
Science journalism
Sports journalism
Technology journalism
Traffic reporting
War correspondent
Weather forecasting
World news
Journalism genres
Adversarial journalism
Advocacy journalism
Journalistic interventionism
Analytic journalism
Blog
Broadcast journalism
Churnalism
Citizen journalism
Civic journalism
Collaborative journalism
Comics journalism
Community journalism
Data journalism
Database journalism
Digital journalism
Explanatory journalism
Fact-checking
Gonzo journalism
Human-interest story
Immersion journalism
Interpretive journalism
Investigative journalism
Multimedia journalism
Narrative journalism
New Journalism
Non-profit journalism
Opinion journalism
Peace journalism
Photojournalism
Press release
Sensor journalism
Underground press
Video journalism
Visual journalism
Watchdog journalism
Fake news
Fourth Estate
Fifth Estate
Freedom of the press
Infotainment
Media bias
Pink-slime journalism
Public relations
Propaganda model
Yellow journalism
Newspaper
Newspaper of record
Magazine
News broadcasting
Online newspaper
News agency
Alternative media
Index of journalism articles
Outline of journalism
Embedded journalism
Embedded journalism
Embedded journalism
Main Page
Wikipedia:Contents
Portal:Current events
Special:Random
Wikipedia:About
Wikipedia:Contact us
Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm source=donate&utm medium=sidebar&utm campaign=C13 en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en
Help:Contents
Help:Introduction
Wikipedia:Community portal
Special:RecentChanges
Wikipedia:File upload wizard
Main Page
Special:Search
Help:Introduction
Special:MyContributions
Special:MyTalk
Hərbi jurnalistika
Periodisme integrat
Embedded journalism
Embedded Journalism
Journalisme embarqué
Прикомандированные журналисты
Vključeni novinarji
İliştirilmiş gazetecilik
Прикомандировані журналісти
Special:EntityPage/Q1334995#sitelinks-wikipedia
Embedded journalism
Talk:Embedded journalism
Embedded journalism
Embedded journalism
Special:WhatLinksHere/Embedded journalism
Special:RecentChangesLinked/Embedded journalism
Wikipedia:File Upload Wizard
Special:SpecialPages
Special:EntityPage/Q1334995
Category:Embedded journalism
Embedded journalism
Embedded journalism
Embedded journalism
Main Page
Wikipedia:Contents
Portal:Current events
Special:Random
Wikipedia:About
Wikipedia:Contact us
Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm source=donate&utm medium=sidebar&utm campaign=C13 en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en
Help:Contents
Help:Introduction
Wikipedia:Community portal
Special:RecentChanges
Wikipedia:File upload wizard
Main Page
Special:Search
Help:Introduction
Special:MyContributions
Special:MyTalk
Hərbi jurnalistika
Periodisme integrat
Embedded journalism
Embedded Journalism
Journalisme embarqué
Прикомандированные журналисты
Vključeni novinarji
İliştirilmiş gazetecilik
Прикомандировані журналісти
Special:EntityPage/Q1334995#sitelinks-wikipedia
Embedded journalism
Talk:Embedded journalism
Embedded journalism
Embedded journalism
Special:WhatLinksHere/Embedded journalism
Special:RecentChangesLinked/Embedded journalism
Wikipedia:File Upload Wizard
Special:SpecialPages
Special:EntityPage/Q1334995
Category:Embedded journalism
Embedded journalism
Embedded journalism
Embedded journalism
Main Page
Wikipedia:Contents
Portal:Current events
Special:Random
Wikipedia:About
Wikipedia:Contact us
Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm source=donate&utm medium=sidebar&utm campaign=C13 en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en
Help:Contents
Help:Introduction
Wikipedia:Community portal
Special:RecentChanges
Wikipedia:File upload wizard
Main Page
Special:Search
Help:Introduction
Special:MyContributions
Special:MyTalk
Hərbi jurnalistika
Periodisme integrat
Embedded journalism
Embedded Journalism
Journalisme embarqué
Прикомандированные журналисты
Vključeni novinarji
İliştirilmiş gazetecilik
Прикомандировані журналісти
Special:EntityPage/Q1334995#sitelinks-wikipedia
Embedded journalism
Talk:Embedded journalism
Embedded journalism
Embedded journalism
Special:WhatLinksHere/Embedded journalism
Special:RecentChangesLinked/Embedded journalism
Wikipedia:File Upload Wizard
Special:SpecialPages
Special:EntityPage/Q1334995
Category:Embedded journalism
Updating...x




Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok.
Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.