A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Toronto_Fire_Department_Pumper_314%2C.jpg/220px-Toronto_Fire_Department_Pumper_314%2C.jpg)
A firefighting apparatus (North American English)[1] or firefighting appliance (UK English)[2] describes any vehicle that has been customized for use during firefighting operations. These vehicles are highly customized depending on their needs and the duty they will be performing. These duties can include firefighting, technical rescue, and emergency medical services.
History
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Brockhampton_Estate_-_horse-drawn_fire_pump.jpg/220px-Brockhampton_Estate_-_horse-drawn_fire_pump.jpg)
An early device used to squirt water onto a fire is a squirt or fire syringe. Hand squirts and hand pumps are noted before Ctesibius of Alexandria invented the first fire pump circa the 2nd century B.C.,[3] and an example of a force-pump possibly used for a fire-engine is mentioned by Heron of Alexandria. The fire pump was reinvented in Europe during the 16th century, reportedly used in Augsburg in 1518 and Nuremberg in 1657. A book of 1655 inventions mentions a steam engine (called a fire engine) pump used to "raise a column of water 40 feet ", but there was no mention of whether it was portable.
Colonial laws in America required each house to have a bucket of water on the front stoop during fires at night. These buckets were intended for use by the initial bucket brigade that would supply the water at fires. Philadelphia obtained a hand-pumped fire engine in 1719, years after Lynn's 1654 model appeared there, made by Joseph Jencks, but before New York's two engines arrived from London.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Knoxfireengine.jpg/220px-Knoxfireengine.jpg)
By 1730, Richard Newsham, in London, had made successful fire engines; the first used in New York City (in 1731) were of his make (six years before formation of the NYC volunteer fire department). The amount of manpower and skill necessary for firefighting prompted the institution of an organized fire company by Benjamin Franklin in 1737. Thomas Lote built the first fire engine made in America in 1743. These earliest engines are called hand tubs because they are manually (hand) powered and the water was supplied by bucket brigade dumped into a tub (cistern) where the pump had a permanent intake pipe. An important advancement around 1822 was the invention of an engine which could draft water from a water source doing away with the bucket brigade. Philadelphia fire engine manufacturers Sellers and Pennock model the Hydraulion is said to be the first suction engine produced in 1822.[4] Some models had the hard, suction hose fixed to the intake and curled up over the apparatus known as a squirrel tail engine.
The earliest engines were small and were carried by four men or mounted on skids and dragged to a fire. The earliest four-wheel carriage mounted engines were pulled to the fire by hand. As the engines grew larger they became horse-drawn and later self-propelled by steam engines. John Ericsson is credited with building the first American steam-powered fire engine. John Braithwaite built the first steam fire-engine in Britain.
Until the mid-19th century, most fire engines were maneuvered by men, but the introduction of horse-drawn fire engines considerably improved the response time to incidents. The first self-propelled steam-driven fire engine was built in New York in 1841. It was the target of sabotage by firefighters and its use was discontinued, and motorized fire engines did not become commonplace until the early 1900s. The dawn of the 20th Century brought about the age of the motorized fire apparatus. One of the first self-propelled fire engines of that era was introduced in 1903 for the Niagara Engine Company of New London, Connecticut,.[5] It was driven by a steam-powered engine, as opposed to an internal combustion engine which proved to be more popular. By 1905, the idea of combining gasoline engine motor trucks into fire engines was attracting great attention; according to a Popular Mechanics article in that year,[6] such trucks were rapidly gaining popularity in England. That same year, the Knox Automobile Company of Springfield, Massachusetts began selling what some[7] have described as the world's first modern fire engine. A year later, the City of Springfield had an entire modern fire department supplied with Knox fire engines. In 1906, the Waterous Company introduced a fire engine with two gasoline-powered engines, one for propulsion and the other for pumping.[8]
For many years firefighters sat on the sides of the fire engines, or even stood on the rear of the vehicles, exposed to the elements. This arrangement was uncomfortable and dangerous (some firefighters were thrown to their deaths when their fire engines made sharp turns), and today nearly all fire engines have fully enclosed seating areas for their crews.
Types of apparatus
Characteristics
Color
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Fire_trucks_and_plane_%2814909862752%29.jpg/220px-Fire_trucks_and_plane_%2814909862752%29.jpg)
Due to the need for firefighting apparatus to be highly visible, they are, similar to other emergency vehicles, painted in conspicuous colors, such as white, yellow, orange, or, most frequently and famously, fire engine red. While red remains the most common color for firefighting apparatus, it is not required and depends highly on individual needs, traditions, and safety research.[9] For example, the Chicago Fire Department has a long-standing tradition of painting their apparatus black over red, a practice that has caught on far beyond Illinois.[9] Neighboring departments will also often use different colors to distinguish their apparatus. For example, the Santa Barbara Fire Department uses the traditional fire engine red while the neighboring Santa Barbara County Fire Department elects to use white with blue stripe. Some, like the Denver Fire Department use less common colors like all-over white with stripes, gold in Denver's case. Most fire apparatus use retroreflective markings to increase their visibility in poor light; red and white or red and yellow chevrons on the rear are almost universal, and while most choose a more modest and arguably stylish option in simply making existing stripe patters reflective, some, particularly European fire services and especially those in the United Kingdom and in the Netherlands, choose to have very large and prominent markings. Others still, such as the Munich Fire Department have replaced red with similar but more visible colors, such as fluorescent orange.
A study by the American Psychological Association published in February 2014 indicated that lime-yellow is a significantly safer color for emergency vehicles because of its increased visibility.[10] The study showed that lime-yellow fire apparatus were half as likely to be involved in accidents as red vehicles.[10]
Audible and visual warnings
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2015) |
Passive visual warnings involve the use of high contrast patterns to increase the visibility of the vehicle. These types of warnings are often seen on older vehicles and those in developing countries.[11] More modern designs make use of retroreflectors to reflect light from other vehicles. Vehicles will also often have these reflectors arranged in a chevron pattern along with the words fire or rescue.[11] European countries commonly use a pattern known as Battenburg markings.[12]
In addition to the passive warnings, there are active visual warnings which are usually in the form of flashing colored lights (also known as "beacons" or "lightbars"). These flash to attract the attention of other road users as the fire appliance approaches, or to provide warning to motorists approaching a stopped appliance in a dangerous position on the road. Additionally the lights are accompanied by loud sirens.[11]
Most appliances are also fitted with audible warnings, sometimes known as sirens, which can alert people to the presence of an emergency vehicle before they can be seen. The first audible warnings were mechanical bells, mounted on the front or roof of the truck. Most vehicles are now fitted with electronic sirens, which can produce a range of different sounds. Fire service driving training often includes the use of different sounds depending on traffic conditions and maneuver being performed. For instance, on a clear road, approaching a junction, the "wail" setting may be used, which gives a long up and down variation, with an unbroken tone, whereas, in heavy slow traffic, a "yelp" setting may be preferred, which is like a wail, but faster.
The speakers for modern sirens can be located in several places on the vehicle, including being integral to the lightbar, or hidden in the grille. Some vehicles may also be fitted with airhorn audible warnings. The "acoustic" or "air" traditional sirens are still in wide use, most notably on North American-type fire apparatus but other countries such as Japan have fitted their apparatus with these types of warning systems as well, as its overtones help the public "locate" and avoid the fire truck—the newer electronic signals disperse almost pure electronic sine wave tones, which are hard to locate, especially in city "canyons" of buildings. Furthermore, "air" sirens are generally much, much louder. In Chile, many vehicles are fitted with three types of audible warnings, which are sounded all at once: the classic "air" siren, the electronic "yelp", and the European two-tone air horns (sometimes newer vehicles are fitted with the electronic version of the latter, commonly called "Hi-Lo").
A development is the use of the RDS system of car radios, whereby the vehicle can be fitted with a short range FM transmitter, set to RDS code 31, which interrupts the radio of all cars within range, in the manner of a traffic broadcast, but in such a way that the user of the receiving radio is unable to opt out of the message (as with traffic broadcasts). This feature is built into all RDS radios for use in national emergency broadcast systems, but short range units on emergency vehicles can prove an effective means of alerting traffic to their presence, although is not able to alert pedestrians and non-RDS radio users.
See also
References
- ^ "Fire apparatus Definition & Meaning". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
- ^ "Fire Appliance". Collins Dictionary. 2023.
- ^ Young, Charles Frederick T.. Fires, fire engines, and fire brigades: with a history of manual and steam fire engines, their construction, use, and management; remarks on fire-proof buildings ... statistics of the fire appliances in English towns; foreign fire systems; hints for the f. London: Lockwood & Co., 1866. 335. Print.
- ^ Rorer, Beverly, and Barbara Marinelli. Images of America: Upper Darby. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Pub., 2011. 112. Print.
- ^ "A Century of Mechanized Fire Apparatus". Fire Engineering. August 1966. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
- ^ Editorial staff (February 1905), "Motor fire engines popular in England", Popular Mechanics, 7 (2): 202.
- ^ "Books about Knox Automobile Company - Historical Photos & Images of Knox Automobile Company". Arcadia Publishing. Archived from the original on 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
- ^ "Waterous: Providing Innovative Fire Protection Products for 130 Years". American News. 15 November 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
- ^ a b Vaccaro, Bob (1 May 2013). "What Color Should a Fire Truck Be?". Firefighter Nation. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
- ^ a b "Why Lime-Yellow Fire Trucks Are Safer Than Red". American Psychological Association. American Psychological Association. February 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
- ^ a b c Dallman, Chris. "What Type Of Fire Truck Lights Are Most Effective". 911 Signal USA. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
- ^ "» Blog | A Buyer's Guide to Battenburg Livery Markings". www.lakesidegroup.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
External links
>Text je dostupný pod licencí Creative Commons Uveďte autora – Zachovejte licenci, případně za dalších podmínek. Podrobnosti naleznete na stránce Podmínky užití.
Fire engine
Toronto Fire Services
Firefighting
Technical rescue
Emergency medical services
Category:Historical fire engines
File:Edinburgh fire engine, 1824.JPG
Edinburgh
File:Brockhampton Estate - horse-drawn fire pump.jpg
Brockhampton Estate
Ctesibius of Alexandria
Heron of Alexandria
Fire pump
Augsburg
Nuremberg
Bucket brigade
Philadelphia
Lynn, Massachusetts
File:Knoxfireengine.jpg
Fire engine
Springfield, Massachusetts
Knox Automobile Company
Richard Newsham
New York City
Benjamin Franklin
John Ericsson
John Braithwaite (engineer)
Great Britain
Sabotage
Popular Mechanics
Knox Automobile Company
Springfield, Massachusetts
Aerial firefighting
Helitack
Fireboat
Fire bike
Fire engine
Quint (fire apparatus)
Wildland fire engine
Airport crash tender
Water tender
Wildland water tender
Heavy rescue vehicle
Light and air unit
Hazardous materials apparatus
File:San Francisco Fire Engine Co (15591457821).jpg
Fire engine
File:Tatebayashi-Ladder.jpg
Ladder truck
File:Fdnyrescue1.jpg
Rescue vehicle
File:Fire truck in Vaajakoski.jpg
Water tender
File:Oban Airport Fire Service - geograph.org.uk - 3070419.jpg
Airport crash tender
File:DAF 2008 LF 55 Emergency Hazmat Command Unit in Christchurch 2.jpg
Hazardous materials apparatus
File:California Department of Forestry & Fire Protection (CDF) 3388 (15294772660).jpg
Wildland fire engine
Category:Fire engines
Fire engine red
File:Fire trucks and plane (14909862752).jpg
Neptune Aviation
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
Bureau of Land Management
United States Forest Service
Fire engine red
Chicago Fire Department
Santa Barbara Fire Department
Santa Barbara County Fire Department
Denver Fire Department
Munich Fire Department
American Psychological Association
Shades of green#Green-yellow
File:Question book-new.svg
Wikipedia:Verifiability
Special:EditPage/Firefighting apparatus
Help:Referencing for beginners
Help:Maintenance template removal
File:A fire truck running the Q siren.webm
Developing countries
Retroreflector
Chevron (insignia)
Battenburg markings
Light bar#beacon anchor
Lightbar
Siren (alarm)
File:Whelen.ogg
Siren (alarm)
Emergency vehicle
File:Toronto Fire uses air horn while responding.webm
Airhorn
Radio Data System
Car radio
Birdsill Holly
American Psychological Association
Wayback Machine
Template:Firefighting
Template talk:Firefighting
Special:EditPage/Template:Firefighting
Firefighting
Firefighter
Battalion chief
Chief fire officer
Fire captain
Fire chief
Station officer
Retained firefighter
Fire marshal
Fire police
Firefighter assist and search team
Handcrew
Special operations firefighter
Volunteer fire department
Women in firefighting
List of comparative firefighting ranks
Drill tower
Fire department
List of fire departments
Fire lookout tower
Fire station
Hose tower
Airport crash tender
Fire command vehicle
Fire engine
Fire motorcycle
Fireboat
Hazardous materials apparatus
Light and air unit
Quint (fire apparatus)
Rescue vehicle
Water tender
Glossary of firefighting equipment
Bunker gear
Escape chair
Fire blanket
Fire brigade key
Fire bucket
Fire extinguisher
Fire hose
Fire hydrant
Fire proximity suit
Fire retardant
Fire shelter
Fireman's pole
Fireman's switch
Flame retardant
Fog nozzle
Halligan bar
Hard suction hose
Hazmat suit
Heat detector
Hose bridge
Hydraulic rescue tool
Kelly tool
Nomex
New York roof hook
PASS device
The pig (tool)
Portable water tank
Rotary saw
Secure information box
Self-contained breathing apparatus
Siren (alarm)
Smoke detector
Thermal imaging camera
Glossary of firefighting
Backdraft
Barn fire
Chimney fire
Dead man zone
Deluge gun
Door breaching
Draft (water)
False alarm
Fire class
Fire control
Fire safety
Fire triangle
Fireman's carry
Firewall (construction)
Flash fire
Flashover
Gaseous fire suppression
Multiple-alarm fire
Rollover (fire)
Stop, drop and roll
Structure fire
Two-in, two-out
Ventilation (firefighting)
Candidate Physical Ability Test
Fire camp
Fire engine red
Fire photography
Fire protection engineering
Geography of firefighting
History of firefighting
International Association of Fire Fighters
International Firefighters' Day
List of firefighting films
Muster (event)
Saint Florian
World Firefighters Games
World Police and Fire Games
Wildfire
Wildfire emergency management
Wildfire suppression
Aerial firefighting
Controlled burn
Driptorch
Fire flapper
Fire hose
Fire lookout tower
Fire rake
Fire retardant
Fire retardant gel
Fire trail
Firebreak
Firefighting foam
Helicopter bucket
Hose pack
McLeod (tool)
Modular Airborne FireFighting System
Pulaski (tool)
Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
Wildland fire engine
Wildland water tender
Fire lookout
Handcrew
Helitack
Hotshot crew
Smokejumper
Wildland fire module
Firefighting in ancient Rome
Bushfires in Australia
Wildfires in the United States
History of wildfire suppression in the United States
List of California wildfires
List of Washington wildfires
Glossary of wildfire terms
List of wildfires
Template:Fire
Template:Fire protection
Category:Firefighting
Category:Firefighting
Glossary of firefighting
Index of firefighting articles
Outline of firefighting
Firefighting apparatus
Firefighting apparatus
Main Page
Wikipedia:Contents
Portal:Current events
Special:Random
Wikipedia:About
Wikipedia:Contact us
Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm source=donate&utm medium=sidebar&utm campaign=C13 en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en
Help:Contents
Help:Introduction
Wikipedia:Community portal
Special:RecentChanges
Wikipedia:File upload wizard
Main Page
Special:Search
Help:Introduction
Special:MyContributions
Special:MyTalk
معدة مكافحة الحرائق
Pemadaman kebakaran perkakas kenderaan
Brandspuit
Special:EntityPage/Q19904165#sitelinks-wikipedia
Firefighting apparatus
Talk:Firefighting apparatus
Firefighting apparatus
Firefighting apparatus
Special:WhatLinksHere/Firefighting apparatus
Special:RecentChangesLinked/Firefighting apparatus
Wikipedia:File Upload Wizard
Special:SpecialPages
Special:EntityPage/Q19904165
Category:Historical firefighting equipment
Firefighting apparatus
Firefighting apparatus
Main Page
Wikipedia:Contents
Portal:Current events
Special:Random
Wikipedia:About
Wikipedia:Contact us
Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm source=donate&utm medium=sidebar&utm campaign=C13 en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en
Help:Contents
Help:Introduction
Wikipedia:Community portal
Special:RecentChanges
Wikipedia:File upload wizard
Main Page
Special:Search
Help:Introduction
Special:MyContributions
Special:MyTalk
معدة مكافحة الحرائق
Pemadaman kebakaran perkakas kenderaan
Brandspuit
Special:EntityPage/Q19904165#sitelinks-wikipedia
Firefighting apparatus
Talk:Firefighting apparatus
Firefighting apparatus
Firefighting apparatus
Special:WhatLinksHere/Firefighting apparatus
Special:RecentChangesLinked/Firefighting apparatus
Wikipedia:File Upload Wizard
Special:SpecialPages
Special:EntityPage/Q19904165
Category:Historical firefighting equipment
Firefighting apparatus
Firefighting apparatus
Main Page
Wikipedia:Contents
Updating...x
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative
Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších
podmienok.
Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky
použitia.