A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos MSA | |
|---|---|
 Downtown Austin in September 2018 | |
 Interactive map of the Austin metropolitan area (Counties in red; Austin, Texas in Green) | |
| Country |  United States |
| State |  Texas |
| Principal cities | |
| Area | |
| • MSA | 4,279 sq mi (11,080 km2) |
| Population | |
| • MSA | 2,352,426 (29th) |
| • MSA density | 533.62/sq mi (206.03/km2) |
| GDP | |
| • MSA | $221.1 billion (2021) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
The Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos metropolitan statistical area, or Greater Austin, is a five-county metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Texas, as defined by the Office of Management and Budget.[4] The metropolitan area is situated in Central Texas on the western edge of the American South and on the eastern edge of the American Southwest, and borders Greater San Antonio to the south.
As of the 2020 U.S. census, the Austin–Round Rock–Georgetown MSA is the 28th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with a total population of 2,352,426.[1] The metropolitan area contains the City of Austin—the fourth-largest city in Texas and the 11th-largest city in the United States with a population of 1,028,220 people.[5] Austin's largest suburbs are Round Rock, Cedar Park, Georgetown, San Marcos, Leander, and Pflugerville.
History
Prehistoric and Archaic Eras
The areas in and around Austin have been the site of human habitation since at least 9,000 B.C., and possibly considerably before that. The earliest known inhabitants of the area, during the late Pleistocene (Ice Age), can be linked to the Clovis people around 9200 B.C. just west of Williamson County.[6] But archeology dig sites show a much greater evidence of Archaic Period inhabitants has been recovered from burned rock middens and rock shelters near Round Rock along Brushy Creek, in Georgetown along the San Gabriel River, and in Austin especially near Barton Springs. The earliest known historical occupants of the area, the Tonkawas, were a flint-working, hunting people who followed the buffalo on foot and periodically set fire to the prairie to aid them in their hunts. During the 18th century they made the transition to a horse culture and used firearms to a limited extent. After they were crowded out by white settlement, the Comanches continued to raid settlements in the county until the 1860s. There also appear to have been small numbers of Kiowa, Yojuane, Tawakoni, and Mayeye Indians living in the Travis and Williamson counties at the time of the earliest Anglo settlements.[7] The prehistory of Texas has been studied by both professional and avocational archeologists for many decades. Pre-historic campsites are found throughout the county along streams or other water sources; most are "open occupation" sites, though caves and rockshelters are often found along various rivers and streams.[8]
19th century
When Europeans first arrived in the area, the Tonkawa tribe was the most prevalent, though the Comanches and Lipan Apaches were known to travel through the area as well.[9] Spanish explorers, including the Espinosa-Olivares-Aguirre expedition, traveled through the area for centuries though few permanent settlements were created for some time.[10] In the mid-18th century the San Xavier missions were established along the San Gabriel River in what is now western Milam County to facilitate exploration.[7]
In 1804 the fort Puesta del Colorado was established by the Spanish in what is now Bastrop.[11] In 1807 the San Marcos de Neve settlement (modern San Marcos) was established on the San Marcos River.[10] Following the independence of Mexico, of which Texas was a part, the empresario Stephen F. Austin issued grants to settlers in what is now Bastrop and Fayette Counties. During the mid-1820s settlements were established along the Colorado River near modern La Grange.[12] The village of Mina (later renamed Bastrop) was established in 1827. Growth of the settlements was stagnant for some time because of conflicts with the Native Americans in the region.[11] Nevertheless, the region sat along an important trade route known as the Camino Real de los Tejas, which ran from Mexico, though San Antonio and San Marcos, to Natchitoches.[13] During the 1830s others, such as Martín Veramendi and Thomas G. McGehee, were issued land grants by the Mexican government to encourage settlement in the region.[10] A string of forts was established east of modern Austin in what was then the western frontier.[14]
In 1835 Texans fought for independence in what was known as the Texas Revolution and won. Following independence other settlements were gradually established including Waterloo and Brushy Creek (modern Round Rock).[7] In 1839 a commission appointed by Texas President Mirabeau B. Lamar selected Waterloo as the site for the new capital and the name Austin was chosen as the town's new name.[15] In 1840 a series of conflicts between the Texas Rangers and the Comanches known as the Council House Fight and the Battle of Plum Creek finally pushed the Comanches westward mostly ending conflicts in Central Texas.[16] Settlement in the area began to expand quickly. Travis County was established in 1840 and the surrounding counties were mostly established within the next two decades.[14] New settlements were established such as Hamilton (now Burnet) in 1852.
In 1861, with the outbreak of the American Civil War, voters in Austin, Bastrop, and other Central Texas communities and counties voted against secession.[11][17] However, as the war progressed and fears of attack by Union forces increased, the communities contributed hundreds of men to the Confederate forces. With the end of the war and the emancipation of Texas slaves, the African American population of the area swelled dramatically. Black communities such as Wheatville, Pleasant Hill, and Clarksville were established around Austin by these newcomers.[17] The postwar period saw dramatic population and economic growth. The town of Bastrop became a significant manufacturing center producing iron, coal, and textiles.[11] The Chisolm Trail, one of the major routes for exporting cattle, passed through the region.[18] The opening of the Houston and Texas Central Railway, connecting Austin with Houston, transformed Austin into the major trading center for the region. However, as new railroads were built through the region in the 1870s, Round Rock and other communities took over much of Austin's role as a trading center.[17] In 1868 the Coronal Institute was established in San Marcos and in 1873 Texas University (later renamed Southwestern University) was opened in Georgetown following the consolidation of five earlier colleges.[19][20] During the 1880s Austin gained new prominence as the state capitol building was constructed and other universities were established in the area, most notably the University of Texas.[17] Cattle and cotton production were major economic drivers for many outlying communities.[21] In the late 19th century Austin expanded its city limits to more than three times its former area and the Austin Dam was built to power a new street car line and the new municipal water system.[17]
20th century
In the early 20th century the Texas Oil Boom took hold creating tremendous economic opportunities in Southeast Texas and North Texas. The growth generated by this boom largely passed by Austin at first, with the city slipping from 4th largest to 10th largest in Texas between 1880 and 1920.[17] Bastrop, however, became a significant center for oil drilling and coal mining in the early-to-mid-20th century.[11] San Marcos, and some other communities, established significant manufacturing operations during the world wars substantially diversifying their economies.[21]
Beginning in the 1920s and 1930s, Austin launched a series of civic development and beautification projects that created much of the city's infrastructure and parks. In addition, the state legislature established the Lower Colorado River Authority that, along with the City of Austin, created the system of dams along the Colorado River that formed the Highland Lakes. These projects were enabled in large part by the fact that Austin received more Depression era relief funds than any other Texas city.[17]
During the mid- and later 20th century, Austin became firmly established as the major metropolitan center of what is now Greater Austin. Communities such as Round Rock, Georgetown, and San Marcos increasingly became attractive bedroom communities for Austin, even as each of these communities has maintained its own economic core as well.[21]/. In the late 20th century, the face of the Austin community was changing rapidly.[22]
Geography
Greater Austin is located in Central Texas along the Balcones Fault and Interstate 35, northeast of San Antonio. The bisecting Balcones Fault renders eastern portions relatively flat and western portions—located on the edge of the Texas Hill Country—mildly hilly.[23]
The region is crossed by the Colorado River with several human-made lakes, known as the Highland Lakes, along its length.[17] Because the hills to the west are primarily limestone rock with a thin covering of topsoil, the western portions of the area are frequently subjected to flash floods from the runoff caused by thunderstorms.[24][25] To help control this runoff and to generate hydroelectric power, the Lower Colorado River Authority operates a series of dams that form the lakes.[26]
The Austin area is located at the intersection of four major ecological regions and is consequently a temperate-to-hot green oasis with a highly variable climate having some characteristics of the desert, the tropics, and a wetter climate.[27][28][29] The area is very diverse ecologically and biologically, and is home to a variety of animals and plants.[30]
The soils of Central Texas range from shallow, gravelly clay loams over limestone in the western outskirts to deep, fine sandy loams, silty clay loams, silty clays or clays in the city's eastern part. Some of the clays have pronounced shrink-swell properties and are difficult to work under most moisture conditions. Many of Austin's soils, especially the clay-rich types, are slightly to moderately alkaline and have free calcium carbonate.[31]
Climate
Greater Austin has a humid subtropical climate, characterized by hot summers and mild winters.[32] On average, the City of Austin receives 33.6 inches (853.4 mm) of rain per year, with most of the precipitation in the spring, and a secondary maximum in the fall.[33] To the east, away from the Hill Country, precipitation is typically higher. For example, Bastrop receives an average of 38.0 inches (965.2 mm) of rain per year.[34] During springtime, severe thunderstorms sometimes occur, though tornados are rare in the city. Austin is usually at least partially sunny.
Central Texas summers are usually hot and humid, with average temperatures of approximately 90 degrees Fahrenheit (32 Celsius) from June until September. Temperatures above 100 °F (38 °C) are common.[32][33][35] For the entire year there is an average of 111 days above 90 °F (32 °C) and 198 days above 80 °F (27 °C) in the City of Austin.[32] In general temperatures are somewhat cooler to the west in the Hill Country than in the plains to the east. The average August high temperature in Marble Falls is 94 °F (34 °C) compared to 96 °F (36 °C) in Bastrop, and the average January low in Marble Falls is 33 °F (1 °C) compared to 37 °F (3 °C) in Bastrop.[34][36] Winters in the Austin area are mild and dry. For the entire year, Austin averages 88 days below 45 °F (7 °C) and 24 days when the minimum temperature falls below freezing. Snowfall is rare in Central Texas, but the area suffers occasional ice storms each year that freeze over roads and can affect parts of the region for as much as 48 hours or more.[32]
| Climate data for Camp Mabry, Austin, Texas (1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1891–present)[b] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 90 (32) |
99 (37) |
98 (37) |
99 (37) |
104 (40) |
109 (43) |
109 (43) |
112 (44) |
112 (44) |
100 (38) |
91 (33) |
90 (32) |
112 (44) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 80.1 (26.7) |
84.2 (29.0) |
87.7 (30.9) |
91.8 (33.2) |
95.5 (35.3) |
99.5 (37.5) |
102.3 (39.1) |
103.9 (39.9) |
99.9 (37.7) |
93.7 (34.3) |
85.3 (29.6) |
80.5 (26.9) |
105.3 (40.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 62.5 (16.9) |
66.5 (19.2) |
73.3 (22.9) |
80.3 (26.8) |
86.9 (30.5) |
93.2 (34.0) |
96.6 (35.9) |
97.8 (36.6) |
91.4 (33.0) |
82.5 (28.1) |
71.5 (21.9) |
63.9 (17.7) |
80.5 (26.9) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 52.2 (11.2) |
56.1 (13.4) |
62.8 (17.1) |
69.6 (20.9) |
76.8 (24.9) |
83.0 (28.3) |
85.8 (29.9) |
86.5 (30.3) |
80.8 (27.1) |
71.6 (22.0) |
61.0 (16.1) |
53.6 (12.0) |
70.0 (21.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 41.8 (5.4) |
45.8 (7.7) |
52.2 (11.2) |
58.9 (14.9) |
66.8 (19.3) |
72.9 (22.7) |
75.0 (23.9) |
75.1 (23.9) |
70.1 (21.2) |
60.8 (16.0) |
50.5 (10.3) |
43.4 (6.3) |
59.4 (15.2) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 27.1 (−2.7) |
30.3 (−0.9) |
34.8 (1.6) |
42.8 (6.0) |
53.4 (11.9) |
65.0 (18.3) |
70.1 (21.2) |
69.3 (20.7) |
58.5 (14.7) |
43.7 (6.5) |
33.8 (1.0) |
28.6 (−1.9) |
24.2 (−4.3) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −2 (−19) |
−1 (−18) |
18 (−8) |
30 (−1) |
40 (4) |
51 (11) |
57 (14) |
58 (14) |
41 (5) |
30 (−1) |
20 (−7) |
4 (−16) |
−2 (−19) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.64 (67) |
1.89 (48) |
2.88 (73) |
2.42 (61) |
5.04 (128) |
3.68 (93) |
1.96 (50) |
2.74 (70) |
3.45 (88) |
3.91 (99) |
2.92 (74) |
2.72 (69) |
36.25 (921) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.51) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.51) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 7.6 | 7.7 | 8.9 | 7.1 | 8.9 | 7.4 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 7.5 | 85.8 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 67.2 | 66.0 | 64.2 | 66.4 | 71.4 | 69.5 | 65.1 | 63.8 | 68.4 | 67.1 | 68.7 | 67.6 | 67.1 |
| Average dew point °F (°C) | 36.1 (2.3) |
39.6 (4.2) |
46.2 (7.9) |
55.0 (12.8) |
63.3 (17.4) |
68.2 (20.1) |
68.9 (20.5) |
68.4 (20.2) |
65.5 (18.6) |
56.5 (13.6) |
47.7 (8.7) |
39.4 (4.1) |
54.6 (12.5) |
