A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
Haplogroup K2b1 | |
---|---|
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Possible time of origin | 30,000-40,000 |
Possible place of origin | Southeast Asia; Oceania. |
Ancestor | K2b (P331) |
Descendants | S (K2b1a) and M (K2b1b) |
Defining mutations | P397, P399 [1][2] |
Haplogroup K2b1, known sometimes as haplogroup MS, is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, defined by SNPs P397 and P399. It has a complex, diverse and not-yet fully understood internal structure; its downstream descendants include the major haplogroups Haplogroup M (P256) and Haplogroup S (M230).[3][2]
It is not clear at present whether the basal paragroup K2b1* is carried by any living males. Individuals carrying subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among Papuan peoples, Micronesian peoples, indigenous Australians, and Polynesians.
Structure
K2b1 is a direct descendant of K2b – known previously as Haplogroup MPS.
Its only primary branches are the major haplogroups S (B254), also known as K2b1a (and previously known as Haplogroup S1 or K2b1a4) and M (P256), also known as K2b1b (previously K2b1d).
Distribution
K2b1 is strongly associated with the indigenous peoples of Melanesia (especially the island of New Guinea) and Micronesia, and to a lesser extent Polynesia, where it is generally found only among 5–10% of males. It is found in 83% of males in Papua New Guinea.
Studies of indigenous Australian Y-DNA published in 2014 and 2015, suggest that, before contact with Europeans, about 29% of Australian Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander males belonged to downstream subclades of K2b1. That is, up to 27% indigenous Australian males carry haplogroup S1a1a1 (S-P308; previously known as K2b1a1 or K-P308),[4] and one study found that approximately 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% (11 individuals) of the sample in a study in which 45% of the total was deemed to be non-indigenous – belonged to haplogroup M1 (M-M4; also known as M-M186 and known previously as haplogroup K2b1d1). All of these males carrying M1 were Torres Strait Islanders.[5] (The other Y-DNA haplogroups found were: basal K2* , C1b2b , and basal C* .)
Population | K2b1 (including Haplogroups M & S) as a % [6] | ||
---|---|---|---|
Papua New Guinea | 82.76% | ||
New Zealand | 0% | ||
Fiji | 60.75% | ||
Solomon Islands | 30% | ||
French Polynesia | 08.00% | ||
Vanuatu | 18.5% | ||
Guam | 33.3% (small sample size) | ||
Samoa | 08.04% | ||
Kiribati | 0% (small sample size) | ||
Tonga | 23% M haplogroup in one study and 26% s haplogroup in a separate study and told in that study to be up to 43% haplogroup m and haplogroup s there | Micronesia FDR | 66.67% |
Marshall Islands | 63.64% | ||
Palau | 61.5% small sample size | ||
Cook Islands | 03.9% | ||
Wallis and Futuna | 26% | ||
Tuvalu | 36% | ||
Nauru | 28.6% (small sample size) | ||
Niue | 0% (small sample size) | ||
Tokelau | 50% (small sample size) | ||
Hawaii | 20% (small sample size from FTDNA) | ||
Aboriginal Australians | 20% (657 samples; 56% assumed to be non-indigenous) [5] | ||
Timor | 6% | ||
Aeta | 0% | Chinese | 0% |
Filipinos | 0% | ||
Malaysia | 02.40% ( small sample size ) | ||
Flores | 0% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities ) | ||
Sulawesi | 11.3% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities ) | ||
Eastern Indonesia (Wallacea) | 25.9% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities ) | ||
Java | 0% | ||
Bali | 0.9% | ||
Sumatra | 0% | ||
Borneo (Indonesia) | 05.80% ( samples includes diverse ethnic minorities ) | ||
West Papua | 52.6% | ||
Papua Province | 82.6% | ||
Sumba | 25.2% | ||
Chuukkese people (Micronesia) | 76.5% | ||
Pohnpeian people (Micronesia) | 70% (small sample size) |
References
- ^ "PhyloTree y - Minimal y tree".
- ^ a b Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF (June 2014). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". Eur J Hum Genet. 23 (3): 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMC 4326703. PMID 24896152.
- ^ van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau MH (Feb 2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–191. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. S2CID 23291764.
- ^ Karafet 2014
- ^ a b Nagle, N. et al., 2015, "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes", American Journal of Physical Anthropology (epub ahead of print version; abstract).
- ^ (i. e. individuals indigenous to Oceania are assumed to be K2b1)
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Haplogroup K2b-P331
Haplogroup S-B254
Haplogroup M (Y-DNA)
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
Single-nucleotide polymorphism
Haplogroup M (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup S (Y-DNA)
Paragroup
Subclades
Papuan people
Micronesian people
Indigenous Australian
Polynesians
Structure of Y-DNA Haplogroup K
Haplogroup K2b-P331
Haplogroup S (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup M (Y-DNA)
Melanesia
New Guinea
Micronesia
Polynesia
Papua New Guinea
Indigenous Australian
Torres Strait Islander
Torres Strait Islanders
Vanuatu
Flores
Papua (province)
Sumba
Chuukkese people
Pohnpeian
Doi (identifier)
PMC (identifier)
PMID (identifier)
Doi (identifier)
PMID (identifier)
S2CID (identifier)
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Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
Y-chromosomal Adam
Haplogroup A00
Haplogroup A-L1085
Haplogroup A0
Haplogroup A-P305
Haplogroup A1a (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup BT
Haplogroup B (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup CT
Haplogroup DE
Haplogroup CF
Haplogroup D-CTS3946
Haplogroup E-M96
Haplogroup C-M130
Haplogroup F-M89 (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup GHIJK
Haplogroup G-M201
Haplogroup HIJK
Haplogroup IJK
Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup IJ
Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup I-M170
Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup LT (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup K2
Haplogroup I1
Haplogroup I-M438
Haplogroup J1
Haplogroup J2
Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup T-M184
Haplogroup K2b (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup K2a (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup K-M2313
Haplogroup S-B254
Haplogroup M-P256
Haplogroup P1 (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup NO1
Haplogroup P-M45
Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup O-M175
Haplogroup R-M207
Haplogroup Q-M242
List of Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
List of haplogroups of historic people
Doi (identifier)
PMID (identifier)
S2CID (identifier)
Haplogroup T-M184
Haplogroup K2
Haplogroup K2b1 (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup K2b1 (Y-DNA)
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