List of caliphs - Wiki slovník

Caliph
خَليفة (*khalīfah*)
Caliph; خَليفة (khalīfah)
Style	Amir al-Mu'minin
Residence	Medina, Arabia; Kufa, Iraq; Damascus, Syria; Baghdad, Iraq; Samarra, Iraq; Cordoba, Andalusia; Cairo, Egypt; Istanbul, Europe;
Appointer	Hereditary (since 661)
Formation	8 June 632
First holder	Abu Bakr
Abolished	3 March 1924

A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate.^[1]^[2] Caliphs led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad,^[3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.^[4]

The first caliphate, the Rashidun Caliphate, was ruled by the four Rashidun caliphs (Arabic: الخلفاء الراشدون, lit. 'Rightly Guided Caliphs'), Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali, who are considered by Sunni Muslims to have been the most virtuous and pure caliphs. They were chosen by popular acclamation or by a small committee, in contrast with the following caliphates, which were mostly hereditary.^[5] On the other hand, Shiites only recognise Ali and consider the first three caliphs to be usurpers.

The Rashidun caliphate ended with the First Fitna, which transferred authority to the Umayyad dynasty that presided over the Umayyad Caliphate, the largest caliphate and the last one to actively rule the entire Muslim world.^[6]

The Abbasid Revolution overthrew the Ummayads and instituted the Abbasid dynasty which ruled over the Abbasid Caliphate.^[7] The Abbassid Caliphate was initially strong and united, but gradually fractured into several states whose rulers only paid lip service to the caliph in Baghdad. There were also rivals to the Abbasids who claimed the caliphates for themselves, such as the Isma'ili Shia Fatimids, the Sunni Ummayyads in Córdoba and the Almohads, who followed their own doctrine. When Baghdad fell to the Mongols, the Abbassid family relocated to Cairo, where they continued to claim caliphal authority but had no political power, and actual authority was in the hands of the Mamluk Sultanate.

After the Ottoman conquest of Egypt, the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil III was taken to Constantinople, where he surrendered the caliphate to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I. The caliphate then remained in the House of Osman until after the First World War. The Ottoman Sultanate was abolished in 1922 by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The head of the House of Osman, Abdulmejid II, retained the title of caliph for two more years, after which the caliphate was abolished in 1924.

Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)

Name (in Arabic)	Born (CE)	Reigned from (CE)	Reigned until (CE)	Relationship with Muhammad	House
Abu Bakr (أبو بكر الصديق)	573	8 June 632	22 August 634	Father of Aisha, Muhammad's wife	Banu Taim
Umar (عمر بن الخطاب)	584	23 August 634	3 November 644 (assassinated by Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz)	Father of Hafsa, Muhammad's wife	Banu Adi
Uthman (عثمان بن عفان)	579	11 November 644	20 June 656 (assassinated at the end of a siege upon his house; see First Fitna)	Husband of Muhammad's daughters, Ruqayya and later Umm Kulthum, and grandson of Muhammad's paternal aunt	Banu Ummaya
Ali (علي بن أبي طالب)	601	20 June 656	29 January 661 (assassinated while praying in the Mosque of Kufa; see First Fitna)	Muhammad's cousin, and husband of Fatimah, Muhammad's daughter, and Umamah bint Zainab, Muhammad's granddaughter	Banu Hashim

Hassan ibn Ali's Caliphate (661)

There is difference of opinion on whether Hasan ibn Ali, who succeeded his father for a few months before abdicating in favor of Mu'awiya I in the Hasan–Muawiya treaty, should be considered one of the Rashidun caliphs.

Calligraphic name	Name (in Arabic)	Born (CE)	Reign (CE)	Death	Relationship with Muhammad (or previous Caliph)	House
	Hasan ibn Ali (الحسن بن علي) Ahl al-Bayt Al-Mujtaba	624	Six or seven months during 661	670	Muhammad's grandson through his daughter Fatima Son of Ali	Banu Hashim

Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)

Name	Born	Reigned from	Reigned until	Died	Relation with predecessor
Mu'awiya I	602	661	29 April or 1 May 680		Second cousin of Uthman
Yazid I	647	680	11 November 683		Son of Mu'awiya I
Mu'awiya II	664	November 683	684		Son of Yazid I
Marwan I	623–626	684	7 May 685		First cousin of Uthman
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan	646	685	8 October 705		Son of Marwan I
Al-Walid I	668	October 705	23 February 715		Son of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik	674	February 715	22 September 717		Son of Abd al-Malik Brother of al-Walid I
Umar II	2 November 682	September 717	February 720		Nephew of Abd al-Malik First cousin of Al-Walid I and Sulayman Great-grandson of Umar through a maternal line
Yazid II	687	10 February 720	26 January 724		Son of Abd al-Malik Brother of al-Walid I and Sulayman
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik	691	26 January 724	6 February 743		Son of Abd al-Malik Brother of al-Walid I, Sulayman and Yazid II
Al-Walid II	709	6 February 743	17 April 744 (assassinated)		Son of Yazid II
Yazid III	701	17 April 744	3/4 October 744		Son of Al-Walid I
Ibrahim ibn al-Walid		744 (few weeks)		25 January 750 (executed)	Son of Al-Walid I
Marwan II	691	744	6 August 750 (killed)		Nephew of Abd al-Malik Cousin of Al-Walid I, Sulayman, Umar II, Yazid II and Hisham.

Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)

Regnal name	Personal name	Born	Reigned from	Reigned until	Parents
Al-Sāffaḥ	Abul-'Abbās 'Abdallah	721	25 January 750	10 June 754	Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah Rayta bint Ubaydallah al-Harsia
Al-Mansur	Abu Ja'far 'Abdallah	714	10 June 754	775	Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah Sallamah
Al-Mahdi	Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad	744/745	775	4 August 785	Al-Mansur, Abbasid Caliph Arwa bint Mansur al-Himyari
Al-Hadi	Abu Muhammad Musa	764	August 785	14 September 786	Al-Mahdi, Abbasid Caliph Al-Khayzuran bint 'Atta
Al-Rashid	Harun	763/766	14 September 786	24 March 809	Al-Mahdi, Abbasid Caliph Al-Khayzuran bint 'Atta
Al-Amin	Muhammad	787	March 809	24/25 September 813	Harun ar-Rashid, Abbasid Caliph Zubaidah bint Ja`far ibn al-Mansur
Al-Ma'mun	Abu al-Abbas 'Abdallah	13/14 September 786	September 813	9 August 833	Harun ar-Rashid, Abbasid Caliph Marajil
Al-Mu'tasim	Abū Ishaq Muhammad	October 796	9 August 833	5 January 842	Harun ar-Rashid, Abbasid Caliph Maridah bint Shabib
Al-Wathiq	Abu Ja'far Harun	811–813	5 January 842	10 August 847	Al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid Caliph Umm Harun Qaratis
Al-Mutawakkil	Ja'far	February/March 822	10 August 847	11 December 861 (assassinated)	Al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid Caliph Umm Ja'far Shuja
Al-Muntasir	Abu Ja'far Muhammad	November 837	861	7 or 8 June 862	Al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid Caliph Hubshiya, a Greek concubine
Al-Musta'in	Ahmad	836	862	866 (executed)	Muhammad ibn al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid prince Makhariq (concubine)
Al-Mu'tazz	Abū ʿAbd allāh Muhammad	847	866	869	Al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid Caliph Qabiha
Al-Muhtadi	Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad		869	21 June 870	Al-Wathiq, Abbasid Caliph Qurb (greek concubine)
Al-Mu'tamid	Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad	842	21 June 870	15 October 892	Al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid Caliph Fityan
Al-Mu'tadid	Abu'l-'Abbas Ahmad	854/861	October 892	5 April 902 Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=List_of_caliphs >Text je dostupný pod licencí Creative Commons Uveďte autora – Zachovejte licenci, případně za dalších podmínek. Podrobnosti naleznete na stránce Podmínky užití. Zdroj: Wikipedia.org - čítajte viac o List of caliphs Navigace: Módní doplňky > Šperkařství Šperky Chytré hodinky Galanterie Hodinářské firmy Hodinky Hodiny Módní doplňky Minerály Pokrývky hlavy Sklářství Zlatníci Zlatnictví Příbuzné výrazy : Řetízek (ozdoba) Šátek Beadweaving Bižuterie Bolo Dřevěný motýlek Deštník Digitálky Fiží Galanterie Hodinky Kšandy Kapesník Korálek Kravata Lanyard Modista Motýlek (oděvní doplněk) Odznak Pléd Placka (odznak) Rukávník Spona na kravatu Sponka do vlasů Tabulky (kolárek) Vějíř Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia. Copyright.sk © 2024

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