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There are over sixty churches in Cyprus with Byzantine and post-Byzantine wall paintings.[1][2] Of these, ten that are situated in the Troodos Mountains have been inscribed jointly on the UNESCO World Heritage List as the Painted Churches in the Troodos Region.[3][4]
History
The origins of Christianity on the island may be traced to the visit of St. Paul, St. Barnabas and St. Mark around AD 46.[2] After the fall of the western Roman Empire, Cyprus came under the sway of Byzantium, although the timely discovery of Barnabas' relics helped the Church of Cyprus uphold its autocephaly.[1] The crusader Kingdom of Cyprus outlived the Fall of Constantinople by a generation; the subsequent sale of the island to Venice led to a brief period of Italo-Byzantine painting.[1] In 1571 Cyprus fell to the Ottomans and the practice of ecclesiastic wall painting largely came to an end.[1]
Organization of space
Subject to the layout of each church, the iconographic schema typically accords with the classic Byzantine tripartition, evident also in Byzantine mosaic decoration, the three zones comprising: (1) the dome and conch of the apse; (2) the pendentives, squinches and upper vaults; and (3) the lower, secondary vaults and walls. The first is reserved for depictions of the holiest persons, the Christ Pantokrator and the Virgin; the second for scenes from the Life of Christ and the festival cycle; and the third for the choir of intercessory saints.[2][5]
Preservation
Since the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, a number of churches in the north have been looted and their wall paintings detached to supply the international antiquities trade.[6][7] Among them is the Church of St. Evphemianos in Lysi: the thirteenth-century Christ Pantocrator mural and surrounding angels were detached, leaving their feet behind; the paintings were then acquired for the Menil Collection and displayed at the Byzantine Fresco Chapel in Houston, Texas before their repatriation to the south in 2012.[7][8][9] Meanwhile, many churches in the south been the subject of conservation interventions, conducted by the Department of Antiquities, Dumbarton Oaks and the Courtauld Institute of Art, aimed at reconciling the competing demands of stability, legibility and authenticity within the framework of ongoing devotional practice.[10]
Churches
See alsoedit
- Byzantine art
- Dionysius of Fourna
- Orthodox church architecture
- Painted Churches in the Troödos Region
- Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict
Referencesedit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Stylianou, Andreas; Stylianou, Judith A. (1997). The Painted Churches of Cyprus: Treasures of Byzantine Art (2 ed.). A. G. Leventis Foundation. ISBN 9963-560-30-X.
- ^ a b c d der Parthog, Gwynneth (2006). Medieval Cyprus: A Guide to the Byzantine and Latin Monuments (2 ed.). Moufflon Publications. ISBN 9963-642-23-3.
- ^ "Painted Churches in the Troodos Region". UNESCO. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
- ^ "Painted Churches in the Troodos Region: Evaluation" (PDF). ICOMOS. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
- ^ Demus, Otto (1947). Byzantine Mosaic Decoration: Aspects of Monumental Art in Byzantium. Kegan Paul. pp. 14–30.
- ^ Jansen, Michael E. (2005). War and cultural heritage: Cyprus after the 1974 Turkish invasion. University of Minnesota Press.
- ^ a b c d e f "Looting of Cultural Heritage". Department of Antiquities. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
- ^ a b Weyl Carr, Annemarie (1991). A Byzantine Masterpiece Recovered: The Thirteenth-Century Murals of Lysi, Cyprus. Menil Collection. ISBN 978-0-292-78118-4.
- ^ a b "The Repatriation of the Wall Paintings of the Church of Agios Euphemianos, Lysi". Department of Antiquities. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- ^ Solomidou-Ieronymidou, Marina; Rickerby, Stephen (2010). "The Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Wall Paintings of Cyprus: Conservation Practice in a Context of Continuing Religious Use, in: Conservation and the Eastern Mediterranean: Contributions to the 2010 IIC Congress". International Institute for Conservation. pp. 231–6.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "State of Conservation of World Heritage Properties in Europe: Painted Churches in the Troodos Region" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
- ^ Brebbia, C. A. (et al.), ed. (2011). Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture XII. WIT Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-84564-526-7.
- ^ Winfield, David; Winfield, June (2000). The Church of the Panaghia tou Arakos at Lagoudhera, Cyprus: The Paintings and their Painterly Significance. Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 322–5. ISBN 978-0-884-02257-2.
- ^ Nicolaïdès, Andréas (2006). "The Church of the Panaghia tou Arakos at Lagoudhera, Cyprus: The Paintings and their Painterly Significance (Review)" (PDF). American Journal of Archaeology. 110 (3). Archaeological Institute of America: 1–2. doi:10.3764/ajaonline1103.nicolaides. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
- ^ Kakoulli, Ioanna; Fischer, Christian. "An innovative noninvasive and nondestructive multidisciplinary approach for the technical study of the Byzantine wall paintings in the Enkleistra of St. Neophytos in Paphos, Cyprus". Dumbarton Oaks. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
- ^ Parani, Maria G. "The Monastery of St. Chrysostomos at Koutsovendis, Cyprus: The Wall-Paintings". Dumbarton Oaks. Retrieved 2 August 2012. Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=List_of_painted_churches_in_Cyprus
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Eastern Orthodox church architecture
Cyprus
Byzantine art
Mural
Troodos Mountains
UNESCO
World Heritage List
Painted Churches in the Troödos Region
History of Cyprus
Church of Cyprus
Christianity
Paul the Apostle
Barnabas
Mark the Evangelist
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Relics
Church of Cyprus
Autocephaly
Kingdom of Cyprus
Fall of Constantinople
Catherine Cornaro
Republic of Venice
Italo-Byzantine
Ottoman Cyprus
Eastern Orthodox church architecture
Iconography#Christian iconography
tripartition
Byzantine mosaic
Dome
Semi-dome
Apse
Pendentive
Squinches
Vault (architecture)
Christ Pantocrator
Madonna (art)
Life of Christ in art
Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church
Intercession of saints
Saint#Eastern Orthodoxy
Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Northern Cyprus
Looted art
Detachment of wall paintings
Antiquities trade
Church of Saint Evphemianos, Lysi
Lysi
Christ Pantocrator
Menil Collection
Byzantine Fresco Chapel
Houston, Texas
Art repatriation
Conservation-restoration
Dumbarton Oaks#Institutional Program
Courtauld Institute of Art
Παναγία Κανακαριά
Lythrangomi
File:Panagia Kanakaria 3.jpg
Looted art#Peg Goldberg and the Kankarian Mosaics
Looted art
Art dealers
File:Panagia Kanakaria Decke.JPG
Panagia tis Angeloktistis
Kiti, Cyprus
File:Panagia Aggeloktisti, Kiti.jpg
File:Zypern 11 2013 Panagia Angeloktistos 03.JPG
Παναγία Κυρά (Λιβάδια)
Livadia, Famagusta
File:Panagia Kyra 1.JPG
File:Panagia Kyra 3.JPG
Agios Nikolaos tis Stegis
Kakopetria
File:Agios Nikolaos tis Stegis.JPG
File:Kakopetria Geburt Jesu.jpg
Kakopetria
File:Panagia Theotokos in Kakopetria.jpg
Kakopetria
Galata (Cyprus)
File:Galata Kirche Agios Sozomenos Nordseite.jpg
File:Galata Kirche Agios Sozomenos Äußere Fresken 2.jpg
Galata (Cyprus)
File:Kirche des Erzengels Michael.JPG
File:Galata Theotokos Geburt.jpg
Galata (Cyprus)
File:Panagia Podithou Galata.JPG
File:Galata Kreuzigung.jpg
Galata (Cyprus)
Kaliana
File:Εκκλησία των Αγίων Ιωακείμ και Άννης Κάλιανα (12391121383).jpg
Vyzakia
Παναγία της Ασίνου
Nikitari
File:ZyNikitariAsinou02.jpg
File:Asinou - Kirche Narthex 5 Apostel.jpg
Spilia, Cyprus
World Heritage Site#Nominating process
Agia Eirini, Nicosia
Panagia tou Araka
Lagoudera
File:Panagia tou Arakou Lagoudera.JPG
Conservation-restoration
Fresco
Giornata
File:Church of Panagia tou Arakos, nave, center bay, dome, wall paintings, Lagoudera, Cyprus - Central medallion, Christ Pantocrator, detail of left hand on book, before cleaning - MSBZ004 BF S 1979 1932D - Dumbarton Oaks.jpg
Platanistasa
File:Stavros Agiasmati.JPG
File:Platanistasa Verspottung.jpg
Kyperounta
Pelendri
File:Church of Timios Stavros (Holy Cross) in Pelendri 05.jpg
File:Pelendri Kirche Timios Stavros Innen Gewölbe 1.jpg
Pelendri
Kouka, Cyprus
File:Church of Timios Stavros (Holy Cross) in Kouka 1.jpg
Koilani
Monagri
File:Saint George church at Monagri.jpg
Monagri
Monagri
File:Church of Panagia Amasgou, Monagri, Cyprus, structure - View from southeast - MSBZ004 BF S 1979 2337D - Dumbarton Oaks.jpg
File:Church of Panagia Amasgou, Monagri, Cyprus, nave, center bay, wall paintings - South recess, lunette, Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple - MSBZ004 BF S 1991 5955 - Dumbarton Oaks.jpg
Louvaras
Palaichori Oreinis
File:Palaichori Kirche Agia Sotira von Nordwesten.jpg
File:Palaichorio Georg.jpg
Palaichori Oreinis
File:PalaichoriChurch.jpg
Askas
Askas
Μονή Αγίου Ιωάννου του Λαμπαδιστού
Kalopanagiotis
File:ZyKalopanayiotis01.jpg
File:Kalopanagiotis Kreuzigung.jpg
Kalopanagiotis
Παναγία του Μουτουλλά
Moutoullas
File:Panagia church Moutoullas cyprus 2010.jpg
Pedoulas
File:Pedoulas Saint Michael 1.JPG
File:Pedoulas Konstantin.jpg
Palaiomylos
Kaminaria
Kaminaria
File:Saint Vasilios church at Kaminaria 01.jpg
Paphos
Agios Neophytos Monastery
Tala, Paphos
File:Agios Neophytos Monastery Cyprus 01.jpg
Neophytos of Cyprus
File:Tala Kloster Agios Neophytos Eremitenhöhle Innen 2.jpg
Ναός Αγίας Παρασκευής (Γεροσκήπου)
Yeroskipou
File:Agia Paraskevi Geroskipou (11).jpg
File:Geroskipou - Fresken 1.jpg
Kouklia
File:Church Panagia Katholiki Kouklia Cyprus 04.jpg
File:Deckenfresco Christus Pantokrator - panoramio.jpg
Kouklia
Galataria
Akhelia
Emba, Paphos
File:Panagia Chryseleousa, Emba (4).jpg
File:Panagia Chryseleousa, Emba (27).jpg
Letymvou
Kholi, Paphos
File:Church of Archangel Michael (Choli) (5).jpg
Pera Chorio
Dali, Cyprus
Pyrga, Larnaca
File:ROYAL CHAPEL OF ST. CATHERINE AT PYRGA, CYPRUS.jpg
File:INTERIOR OF THE ROYAL CHAPEL.jpg
Pyrga, Larnaca
File:2022 03 Saint Marina Church in Pyrga 2.jpg
Kellia, Cyprus
Xylofagou
File:Xylofagou.jpg
Tersefanou
File:Chapel of Agios Georgios Arperas (3).jpg
Kato Lefkara
Kyrenia
Kyrenia
Koutsovendis#Monastery of St. John Chrysostomos
Koutsovendis
Conservation-restoration
Dumbarton Oaks#Institutional Program
Cyril Mango
Whitewash
Rizokarpaso
File:Afendrika pan.jpg
Antiphonitis
Kalograia
File:Antiphonitis (21).JPG
Tree of Jesse
Detachment of wall paintings
Private collection
File:Antiph frescoes 01.jpg
Trikomo, Cyprus
File:Panagia Theotokos, Iskele, Cyprus (7).jpg
Church of Saint Evphemianos, Lysi
Lysi
File:Lysi Chapel Side.JPG
Detachment of wall paintings
Christ Pantocrator
Menil Collection
Byzantine Fresco Chapel
Houston, Texas
Art repatriation
St. John's Cathedral, Nicosia
Nicosia
File:Nicosia 01-2017 img09 StJohn the Apostle Church.jpg
File:Nicosia - Johannes-Kathedrale 4 Deckenmalerei.jpg
Potamia, Cyprus
Polis Chrysochous
File:Agios Andronikos, Polis (Cyprus) (05).jpg
File:Agios Andronikos, Polis (Cyprus) (06).jpg
Peristerona
File:Chypre Peristerona Saints Barnabe Hilarion - panoramio.jpg
File:Peristerona, Ciprus - panoramio (1).jpg
Akanthou
Yialousa
Koma tou Yialou
Koma tou Yialou
Rizokarpaso
Άγιος Φίλων (εκκλησία)
Rizokarpaso
File:Ayios Filon 2.jpg
Agios Prokopios
Sygkrasi
List of cities, towns and villages in Cyprus#Famagusta District
Panagia Apsinthiotissa
Sichari
File:Apsin fm east.JPG
Detachment of wall paintings
Antiquities market
File:Interior of Panagia Apsinthiotissa (2).jpg
Άγιος Γεώργιος των Ελλήνων Αμμοχώστου
Famagusta
File:Famagusta 01-2017 img22 StGeorge of the Greeks Church.jpg
File:Agios georgios ellinon daskalos06.JPG
Gialia Monastery
Gialia
File:Ruins of Ghalia Monastery, Cyprus 03.jpg
File:Ghalia Monastery - Wall painting fragments 01.png
Nestorian Church (Famagusta)
Famagusta
File:Nestorian Church, Famagusta (1).JPG
Byzantine art
Dionysius of Fourna
Eastern Orthodox church architecture
Painted Churches in the Troödos Region
Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict
Anastasios George Leventis
ISBN (identifier)
Special:BookSources/9963-560-30-X
Moufflon Publications
ISBN (identifier)
Special:BookSources/9963-642-23-3
UNESCO
ICOMOS
Otto Demus
Kegan Paul
University of Minnesota Press
Menil Collection
ISBN (identifier)
Special:BookSources/978-0-292-78118-4
International Institute for Conservation
Wikipedia:Link rot
UNESCO
Wessex Institute of Technology
ISBN (identifier)
Special:BookSources/978-1-84564-526-7
Dumbarton Oaks#Institutional Program
ISBN (identifier)
Special:BookSources/978-0-884-02257-2
American Journal of Archaeology
Archaeological Institute of America
Doi (identifier)
Dumbarton Oaks#Institutional Program
Dumbarton Oaks#Institutional Program
List of painted churches in Cyprus
List of painted churches in Cyprus
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Wikipedia:Contents
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