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List of parasites (human)
Endoparasites
Protozoan organisms
Common name of organism or disease | Latin name (sorted) | Body parts affected | Diagnostic specimen | Prevalence | Source/Transmission (Reservoir/Vector) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and Acanthamoeba keratitis (eye infection) | Acanthamoeba spp. | eye, brain, skin | culture | worldwide | contact lenses cleaned with contaminated tap water |
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis | Balamuthia mandrillaris | brain, skin | culture | worldwide | via inhalation or skin lesion |
Babesiosis | Babesia B. divergens, B. bigemina, B. equi, B. microfti, B. duncani | red blood cells | Giemsa-stained thin blood smear | New England (different species have worldwide distribution) | tick bites, e.g. Ixodes scapularis |
Balantidiasis | Balantidium coli | intestinal mucosa, may become invasive in some patients | stool (diarrhea=ciliated trophozoite; solid stool=large cyst with horseshoe shaped nucleus) | ingestion of cyst, zoonotic infection acquired from pigs (feces) | |
Blastocystosis | Blastocystis spp. | intestinal | direct microscopy of stool (PCR, antibody) | • worldwide: one of the most common human parasites[1][2] • Developing regions: infects 40–100% of the total populations[1][2][3] |
eating food contaminated with feces from an infected human or animal |
Cryptosporidiosis | Cryptosporidium spp. | intestines | stool | widespread | ingestion of oocyst (sporulated), some species are zoonotic (e.g. bovine fecal contamination) |
Cyclosporiasis | Cyclospora cayetanensis | intestines | stool | United States | ingestion of oocyst through contaminated food |
Dientamoebiasis | Dientamoeba fragilis | intestines | stool | up to 10% in industrialized countries | ingesting water or food contaminated with feces |
Amoebiasis | Entamoeba histolytica | intestines (mainly colon, but can cause liver failure if not treated) | stool (fresh diarrheic stools have amoeba, solid stool has cyst) | areas with poor sanitation, high population density and tropical regions | fecal-oral transmission of cyst, not amoeba |
Giardiasis | Giardia lamblia | lumen of the small intestine | stool | worldwide? | ingestion of water containing deer or beaver feces |
Isosporiasis | Isospora belli | epithelial cells of small intestines | stool | worldwide – less common than Toxoplasma or Cryptosporidium | fecal oral route – ingestion of sporulated oocyst |
Leishmaniasis | Leishmania spp. | cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral | visual identification of lesion or microscopic stain with Leishman's or Giemsa's stain | visceral leishmaniasis – worldwide; cutaneous leishmaniasis – Old World; mucocutaneous leishmaniasis – New World | Phlebotomus, Lutzomyia – bite of several species of phlebotomine sandflies |
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)[4][5] | Naegleria fowleri | brain | culture | unknown, but infection is rare | nasal insufflation of contaminated warm fresh water, poorly chlorinated swimming pools, hot springs, soil |
Malaria | Plasmodium falciparum (80% of cases), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale curtisi, Plasmodium ovale wallikeri, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium knowlesi | red blood cells, liver | blood film | tropical – 250 million cases/year | Anopheles mosquito |
Rhinosporidiosis | Rhinosporidium seeberi | nose, nasopharynx | biopsy | India and Sri Lanka | nasal mucosa came into contact with infected material through bathing in common ponds |
Sarcocystosis | Sarcocystis bovihominis,Sarcocystis suihominis | intestine, muscle | muscle biopsy | widespread | ingestion of uncooked/undercooked beef/pork with Sarcocystis sarcocysts |
Toxoplasmosis (Acute and Latent) | Toxoplasma gondii | eyes, brain, heart, liver | blood and PCR | worldwide: one of the most common human parasites; estimated to infect between 30–50% of the global population.[6][7] | ingestion of uncooked/undercooked pork/lamb/goat with Toxoplasma bradyzoites, ingestion of raw milk with Toxoplasma tachyzoites, ingestion of contaminated water food or soil with oocysts in cat feces that is more than one day old |
Trichomoniasis | Trichomonas vaginalis | female urogenital tract (males asymptomatic) | microscopic examination of genital swab | worldwide | sexually transmitted infection – only trophozoite form (no cysts) |
Sleeping sickness | Trypanosoma brucei | brain and blood | microscopic examination of chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow | 50,000 to 70,000 people; only found in Africa | tsetse fly, day-biting fly of the genus Glossina |
Chagas disease | Trypanosoma cruzi | colon, esophagus, heart, nerves, muscle and blood | Giemsa stain – blood | Mexico, Central America, South America – 16–18 million | Triatoma/Reduviidae – "kissing bug" insect vector, feeds at night |
Helminths (worms)
Helminth organisms (also called helminths or intestinal worms) include:
Tapeworms
Common name of organism or disease | Latin name (sorted) | Body parts affected | Diagnostic specimen | Prevalence | Transmission/Vector |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tapeworm – Tapeworm infection | Cestoda, Taenia multiceps | intestine | stool | rare worldwide | |
Diphyllobothriasis – tapeworm | Diphyllobothrium latum | intestines, blood | stool (microscope) | Europe, Japan, Uganda, Peru, Chile | ingestion of raw fresh water fish |
Diphyllobothriasis – tapeworm | Diphyllobothrium pacificum | intestines | stool (microscope) | Peru | ingestion of raw saltwater fish |
Echinococcosis – tapeworm | Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, E. vogeli, E. oligarthrus | liver, lungs, kidney, spleen | imaging of hydatid cysts in the liver, lungs, kidney and spleen | Worldwide in grazing areas | as intermediate host, ingestion of material contaminated by feces from a carnivore; as definite host, ingestion of uncooked meat (offal) from a herbivore |
Hymenolepiasis[8] | Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta | ingestion of material contaminated by flour beetles, mealworms, cockroaches | |||
Beef tapeworm | Taenia saginata | Intestines | stool | worldwide distribution | ingestion of undercooked beef |
Cysticercosis-Pork tapeworm | Taenia solium | Brain, muscle, Eye (Cysts in conjunctiva/anterior chamber/sub-retinal space) | stool, blood, imaging of cysts in the brain or any soft tissue | Asia, Africa, South America, Southern Europe, North America. | as definite host: ingestion of undercooked pork; as intermediate host, ingestion of material contaminated by human feces from a person carrying the adult form |
Bertielliasis | Bertiella mucronata, Bertiella studeri | Intestines | stool | rare | contact with non-human primates |
Sparganosis | Spirometra erinaceieuropaei | ingestion of material contaminated with infected dog or cat feces (humans: dead-end host) |
Flukes
Common name of organism or disease | Latin name (sorted) | Body parts affected | Diagnostic specimen | Prevalence | Transmission/Vector |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clonorchiasis | Clonorchis sinensis; Clonorchis viverrini | gall bladder ducts and inflammation of liver | East Asia | ingestion of under prepared freshwater fish | |
Lancet liver fluke | Dicrocoelium dendriticum | gall bladder | rare | ingestion of ants | |
Liver fluke – Fasciolosis[9] | Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica | liver, gall bladder | stool | Fasciola hepatica in Europe, Africa, Australia, the Americas and Oceania; Fasciola gigantica only in Africa and Asia, 2.4 million people infected by both species | freshwater snails |
Fasciolopsiasis – intestinal fluke[10] | Fasciolopsis buski | intestines | stool or vomitus (microscope) | East Asia – 10 million people | ingestion of infested water plants or water (intermediate host:amphibic snails) |
Metagonimiasis – intestinal fluke | Metagonimus yokogawai | stool | Siberia, Manchuria, Balkan states, Israel, Spain | ingestion of undercooked or salted fish | |
Metorchiasis | Metorchis conjunctus | Canada, US, Greenland | ingestion of raw fish | ||
Chinese liver fluke | Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus, Clonorchis sinensis | bile duct | 1.5 million people in Russia | consuming infected raw, slightly salted or frozen fish | |
Paragonimiasis, lung fluke | Paragonimus westermani; Paragonimus africanus; Paragonimus caliensis; Paragonimus kellicotti; Paragonimus skrjabini; Paragonimus uterobilateralis | lungs | sputum, feces | East Asia | ingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater crabs crayfishes or other crustaceans |
Schistosomiasis – bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever (all types) | Schistosoma sp. | Africa, Caribbean, eastern South America, east Asia, Middle East – 200 million people | skin exposure to water contaminated with infected freshwater snails | ||
intestinal schistosomiasis | Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma intercalatum | intestine, liver, spleen, lungs, skin, rarely infects the brain | stool | Africa, Caribbean, South America, Asia, Middle East – 83 million people | skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Biomphalaria freshwater snails |
urinary blood fluke | Schistosoma haematobium | kidney, bladder, ureters, lungs, skin | urine | Africa, Middle East | skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Bulinus sp. snails |
Schistosomiasis by Schistosoma japonicum | Schistosoma japonicum | intestine, liver, spleen, lungs, skin | stool | China, East Asia, Philippines | skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Oncomelania sp. snails |
Asian intestinal schistosomiasis | Schistosoma mekongi | South East Asia | skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Neotricula aperta – freshwater snails | ||
Echinostomiasis | Echinostoma echinatum | small intestine | Far East | ingestion of raw fish, mollusks, snails | |
Swimmer's itch | Trichobilharzia regenti, Schistosomatidae | worldwide | skin exposure to contaminated water (snails and vertebrates) |
Roundworms
Disease caused | Latin name (sorted) | Habitat in definite host | Diagnostic Sample | Prevalence | Mode of transmission |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ancylostomiasis/Hookworm | Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus | lungs, small intestine, blood | stool | common in tropical, warm, moist climates | penetration of skin by L3 larva |
Angiostrongyliasis | Angiostrongylus | intestine | stool | ingestion of infected faeces or infected slugs | |
Anisakiasis[11] | Anisakis | allergic reaction | biopsy | incidental host | ingestion of raw fish, squid, cuttlefish, octopus |
Roundworm – Parasitic pneumonia | Ascaris sp. Ascaris lumbricoides | Intestines, liver, appendix, pancreas, lungs, Löffler's syndrome | stool | common in tropical and subtropical regions | |
Roundworm – Baylisascariasis | Baylisascaris procyonis | Intestines, liver, lungs, brain, eye | rare: North America | stool from raccoons | |
Roundworm-lymphatic filariasis | Brugia malayi, Brugia timori | lymph nodes | blood samples | tropical regions of Asia | arthropods |
Dioctophyme renalis infection | Dioctophyme renale | kidneys (typically the right) | urine | rare | ingestion of undercooked or raw freshwater fish |
Ophidascaris robertsi infection | Ophidascaris robertsi | brain | newly discovered infection[12][13] | Single reported case was likely due to ingestion of gathered wild plants, contaminated with feces from pythons | |
Guinea worm – Dracunculiasis | Dracunculus medinensis | subcutaneous tissues, muscle | skin blister/ulcer | South Sudan (eradication ongoing) | |
Pinworm – Enterobiasis | Enterobius vermicularis, Enterobius gregorii | intestines, anus | stool; tape test around anus | widespread; temperate regions | |
Gnathostomiasis[14] | Gnathostoma spinigerum, Gnathostoma hispidum | subcutaneous tissues (under the skin) | physical examination | rare – Southeast Asia | ingestion of raw or undercooked meat (e.g., freshwater fish, chicken, snails, frogs, pigs) or contaminated water |
Halicephalobiasis | Halicephalobus gingivalis | brain | soil-contaminated wounds | ||
Loa loa filariasis, Calabar swellings
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