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The following is a list of Sinitic languages and their dialects. For a traditional dialectological overview, see also varieties of Chinese.
Classification
'Chinese' is a blanket term covering the many different varieties spoken across China. Mandarin Chinese is the most popular dialect, and is used as a lingua franca across China.
Linguists classify these varieties as the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Within this broad classification, there are between seven and fourteen dialect groups, depending on the classification.
The conventionally accepted set of seven dialect groups first appeared in the second edition of the dialectology handbook edited by Yuan Jiahua (1961). In order of decreasing number of speakers, they are:
- Guan (including Beijing and Nanjing variants)
- Wu (including the Shanghainese and Suzhounese variants)
- Yue (including the Cantonese and Taishanese variants)
- Min (including the Hokkien and Fuzhounese variants)
- Hakka (Kejia)
- Xiang (Hunanese)
- Gan (Jiangxinese)
The revised classification of Li Rong, used in the Language Atlas of China (1987) added three further groups split from these:
Summary
The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[2][3][4]
Number | Branch | Native Speakers | Dialects |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Mandarin | 850,000,000 | 51 |
2 | Wu | 95,000,000 | 37 |
3 | Yue | 80,000,000 | 52 |
4 | Jin | 70,000,000 | 6 |
5 | Min | 60,000,000 | 61 |
6 | Hakka | 55,000,000 | 10 |
7 | Xiang | 50,000,000 | 25 |
8 | Gan | 30,000,000 | 9 |
9 | Huizhou | 7,000,000 | 13 |
10 | Pinghua | 3,000,000 | 2 |
Total | Chinese | 1,300,000,000 | 266 |
List of languages and dialects
In addition to the varieties listed below, it is customary to speak informally of dialects of each province (such as Sichuan dialect and Hainan dialect). These designations do not generally correspond to classifications used by linguists, but each nevertheless has characteristics of its own.
Gan
- 赣语/贛語
Dongkou Gan | 洞口话 | 洞口話 |
Huaining Gan | 怀宁话 | 懷寧話 |
Fuzhou Gan | 抚州话 | 撫州話 |
Ji'an Gan | 吉安话 | 吉安話 |
Leiyang Gan | 耒阳话 | 耒陽話 |
Nanchang Gan | 南昌话 | 南昌話 |
Xianning Gan | 咸宁话 | 鹹寧話 |
Yichun Gan | 宜春话 | 宜春話 |
Yingtan Gan | 鹰潭话 | 鷹潭話 |
Mandarin
- 官话/官話
The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[5]
Number | Branch | Native Speakers | Dialects |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Beijing | 35,000,000 | 7 |
2 | Ji–Lu | 110,000,000 | 4 |
3 | Jianghuai | 80,000,000 | 6 |
4 | Jiao–Liao | 35,000,000 | 4 |
5 | Lan–Yin | 10,000,000 | 3 |
6 | Northeastern | 100,000,000 | 4 |
7 | Southwestern | 280,000,000 | 11 |
8 | Zhongyuan | 200,000,000 | 11 |
Total | Mandarin | 850,000,000 | 50 |
Hui
- 徽语/徽語
Sometimes subcategory of Wu.
Jixi Hui | 绩溪话 | 績溪話 |
Shexian Hui | 歙县话 | 歙縣話 |
Tunxi Hui | 屯溪话 | 屯溪話 |
Yixian Hui | 黟县话 | 黟縣話 |
Xiuning Hui | 休宁话 | 休寧話 |
Wuyuan Hui | 婺源话 | 婺源話 |
Dexing Hui | 德兴话 | 德興話 |
Fuliang Hui | 浮梁话 | 浮梁話 |
Jiande Hui | 建德话 | 建德話 |
Shouchang Hui | 寿昌话 | 壽昌話 |
Chun'an Hui | 淳安话 | 淳安話 |
Sui'an Hui | 遂安话 | 遂安話 |
Majin Hui | 马金话 | 馬金話 |
Jin
- 晋语/晉語
Sometimes a subcategory of Mandarin.
• Baotou dialect | 包头话 | 包頭話 |
• Datong dialect | 大同话 | 大同話 |
• Handan dialect | 邯郸话 | 邯郸话 |
• Hohhot dialect | 呼市话 | 呼市話 |
• Taiyuan dialect | 太原话 | 太原話 |
• Xinxiang dialect | 新乡话 | 新鄉話 |
Hakka
- 客家话/客家話
• Huizhou (Hakka) dialect | 惠州客家话 | 惠州客家話 |
• Meizhou dialect | 梅州客家话 | 梅州客家話 |
• Wuhua dialect | 五华客家话 | 五華客家話 |
• Xingning dialect | 兴宁客家话 | 興寧客家話 |
• Pingyuan dialect | 平远客家话 | 平遠客家話 |
• Jiaoling dialect | 蕉岭客家话 | 蕉嶺客家話 |
• Dabu dialect | 大埔客家话 | 大埔客家話 |
• Fengshun dialect | 丰顺客家话 | 豐順客家話 |
• Longyan dialect | 龙岩客家话 | 龍岩客家話 |
• Lufeng (Hakka) dialect | 陆丰客家话 | 陸豐客家話 |
Min
- 闽语/閩語
Southern Min | 闽南语 | 閩南語 |
Quanzhang Min (Hokkien) | 闽南话(泉漳片) | 閩南話 (泉漳片) |
• Amoy dialect | 厦门话 | 廈門話 |
• Quanzhou dialect | 泉州话 | 泉州話 |
• Zhangzhou dialect | 漳州话 | 漳州話 |
• Longhai dialect | 龙海话 | 龍海話 |
• Zhangpu dialect | 漳浦话 | 漳浦話 |
• Anxi dialect | 安溪话 | 安溪話 |
• Hui'an dialect | 惠安话 | 惠安話 |
• Tong'an dialect | 同安话 | 同安話 |
• Jinjiang dialect | 晋江话 | 晉江話 |
• Nan'an dialect | 南安话 | 南安話 |
• Yongchun dialect | 永春话 | 永春話 |
• Taiwanese (see regional variations) [note 2] | 台湾话 | 台灣話 |
• Lan-nang dialect (Philippine Hokkien) | 咱人话/咱侬话(菲律宾福建话) | 咱人話/咱儂話 (菲律賓福建話) |
• Singaporean Hokkien | 新加坡福建话 | 新加坡福建話 |
• Penang Hokkien | 槟城福建话 | 檳城福建話 |
• Muar Hokkien | 麻坡福建话 | 麻坡福建話 |
• Medan Hokkien | 棉兰福建话 | 棉蘭福建話 |
• Burmese Hokkien | 缅甸福建话 | 緬甸福建話 |
Chaoshan (Teo-Swa) | 潮汕方言 | 潮汕方言 |
• Teochew dialect (Chaozhou) | 潮州话 | 潮州話 |
• Shantou dialect (Swatow) | 汕头话 | 汕頭話 |
• Jieyang dialect | 揭阳话 | 揭陽話 |
• Chaoyang dialect | 潮阳话 | 潮陽話 |
• Puning dialect | 普宁话 | 普寧話 |
• Huilai dialect | 惠来话 | 惠來話 |
• Hailufeng dialect | 海陆丰话 | 海陸豐話 |
• Bangkok Teochew | 曼谷潮州话 | 曼谷潮州話 |
Longyan Min | 龙岩片 | 龍巖片 |
Zhenan Min | 浙南片 | 浙南片 |
Datian Min (disputed: separate Min branch) |
大田片 | 大田片 |
Zhongshan Min (disputed:separate Min branch) |
中山闽方言 | 中山閩方言 |
• Longdu dialect | 隆都话 | 隆都話 |
• Nanlang dialect | 南朗话 | 南朗話 |
• Sanxiang dialect | 三乡话 | 三鄉話 |
• Zhangjiabian dialect | 张家边话 | 張家邊話 |
Leizhou Min (disputed: separate Min branch) |
雷州片 | 雷州片 |
• Haikang dialect | 海康话 | 海康話 |
• Zhanjiang dialect | 湛江话 | 湛江話 |
Qiong Wen (Hainanese) (disputed: separate Min branch) |
海南话(琼文片) | 海南話(瓊文片) |
• Wenchang dialect | 文昌话 | 文昌話 |
• Haikou dialect | 海口话 | 海口話 |
Eastern Min | 闽东语 | 閩東語 |
• Fuzhou dialect | 福州话 | 福州話 |
• Fu'an dialect | 福安话 | 福安話 |
• Fuding dialect | 福鼎話 | 福鼎話 |
• Xiapu dialect | 霞浦话 | 霞浦話 |
• Shouning dialect | 寿宁话 | 壽寧話 |
• Zhouning dialect | 周宁话 | 周寧話 |
• Ningde dialect | 宁德话 | 寧德話 |
• Zherong dialect | 柘荣话 | 柘榮話 |
• Minhou dialect | 闽侯话 | 閩侯話 |
• Yongtai dialect | 永泰话 | 永泰話 |
• Minqing dialect | 闽清话 | 閩清話 |
• Changle dialect | 长乐话 | 長樂話 |
• Luoyuan dialect | 罗源话 | 羅源話 |
• Lianjiang dialect | 连江话 | 連江話 |
• Fuqing dialect | 福清话 | 福清話 |
• Pingtan dialect | 平潭话 | 平潭話 |
• Pingnan dialect | 屏南话 | 屏南話 |
• Gutian dialect | 古田话 | 古田話 |
Northern Min | 闽北语 | 閩北語 |
• Jian'ou dialect | 建瓯话 | 建甌話 |
Shao–Jiang Min | 邵将语 | 邵將語 |
Central Min | 闽中语 | 閩中語 |
• Yong'an dialect | 永安话 | 永安話 |
• Sanming dialect | 三明话 | 三明話 |
• Sha dialect | 沙县话 | 沙縣話 |
Pu–Xian Min | 莆仙话 | 莆仙話 |
• Putian dialect | 莆田话 | 莆田話 |
• Xianyou dialect | 仙游话 | 仙遊話 |
Wu
- 吴语/吳語
Taihu | 太湖片 | 太湖片 |
• Shanghai dialect | 上海话 | 上海話 |
• Suzhou dialect | 苏州话 | 蘇州話 |
• Changzhou dialect | 常州话 | 常州話 |
• Wuxi dialect | 无锡话 | 無錫話 |
• Hangzhou dialect | 杭州话 | 杭州話 |
• Huzhou dialect | 湖州话 | 湖州話 |
• Jiaxing dialect | 嘉兴话 | 嘉興話 |
• Shaoxing dialect | 绍兴话 | 紹興話 |
• Ningbo dialect | 宁波话 | 寧波話 |
Taizhou | 台州片 | 台州片 |
• Taizhou dialect | 台州话 | 台州話 |
• Linhai dialect | 临海话 | 臨海話 |
• Sanmen dialect | 三门话 | 三門話 |
• Tiantai dialect | 天台话 | 天台話 |
• Xianju dialect | 仙居话 | 仙居話 |
• Huangyan dialect | 黄岩话 | 黃岩話 |
• Jiaojiang dialect | 椒江话 | 椒江話 |
• Wenling dialect | 温岭话 | 溫嶺話 |
• Yuhuan dialect | 玉环话 | 玉環話 |
• Ninghai dialect | 宁海话 | 寧海話 |
Oujiang (Dong'ou) | 瓯江(东瓯)片 | 甌江 (東甌) 片 |
• Wenzhou dialect | 温州话 | 溫州話 |
• Yueqing dialect | 乐清话 | 樂清話 |
• Rui'an dialect | 瑞安话 | 瑞安話 |
• Wencheng dialect | 文成话 | 文成話 |
Wuzhou | 婺州片选 | 婺州片 |
• Jinhua dialect | 金华话 | 金華話 |
• Lanxi dialect | 兰溪话 | 蘭溪話 |
• Pujiang dialect | 浦江话 | 浦江話 |
• Yiwu dialect | 义乌话 | 義烏話 |
• Dongyang dialect | 东阳话 | 東陽話 |
• Pan'an dialect | 磐安话 | 磐安話 |
• Yongkang dialect | 永康话 | 永康話 |
• Wuyi dialect | 武义话 | 武義話 |
• Jiande dialect | 建德话 | 建德話 |
Chuqu | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=List_of_varieties_of_Chinese