Upozornenie: Prezeranie týchto stránok je určené len pre návštevníkov nad 18 rokov!
Zásady ochrany osobných údajov.
Používaním tohto webu súhlasíte s uchovávaním cookies, ktoré slúžia na poskytovanie služieb, nastavenie reklám a analýzu návštevnosti. OK, súhlasím









A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

Moscopole

Voskopojë
Moscopole
Moschopolis
Municipal unit
Church of Saint Nicholas
Church of Saint Nicholas
Voskopojë is located in Albania
Voskopojë
Voskopojë
Coordinates: 40°38′0″N 20°35′25″E / 40.63333°N 20.59028°E / 40.63333; 20.59028Coordinates: 40°38′0″N 20°35′25″E / 40.63333°N 20.59028°E / 40.63333; 20.59028
Country Albania
CountyKorçë
MunicipalityKorçë
Population
 (2011)
 • Municipal unit
1,058
Demonym(s)Moscopolean[1]
Moscopolitan[2]
Voskopojar[3]
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal Code
7029
Area Code0864
Websitewww.voskopoja.al
Part of a series on
Aromanians
Aromanian flag.svg
Geographical distribution
Major settlements
Culture
Language and identity
Religion
History
Related groups

Moscopole or Voskopoja (Albanian: Voskopojë; Aromanian: Moscopole, with several other variants; Greek: Μοσχόπολις, romanized: Moschopolis) is a village in Korçë County in southeastern Albania. During the 18th century, it was the cultural and commercial center of the Aromanians.[4] At its peak, in the mid 18th century, it hosted the first printing house in the Ottoman Balkans outside Constantinople, educational institutions and numerous churches.[5] It became a leading center of Greek culture,[6][7][8] but also of symbiotic Albanian–Aromanian culture and with great influence from Western civilization.[9][10]

One view attributes the decline of the city to a series of raids by Muslim Albanian bandits.[11][12] Moscopole was initially attacked and almost destroyed by those groups in 1769 following the participation of the residents in the preparations for a Greek revolt supported by the Russian Empire.[13] Its destruction culminated with the abandoning and destruction of 1788.[14][15][11] Moscopole, once a prosperous city, was reduced to a small village by Ali Pasha of Ioannina. According to another view, the city's decline was mainly due to the relocation of the trade routes in central and eastern Europe following these raids.[13] Today Moscopole, known as Voskopojë, is a small mountain village, and along with a few other local settlements is considered a holy place by local Orthodox Christians. It was one of the original homelands of much of the Aromanian diaspora.[16] It has been also nicknamed as "Jerusalem of the Aromanians",[17][18] "New Athens" or "Arcadia of the Balkans".[19] In modern times Aromanians no longer form a majority of the population, with incoming Christian and Muslim Albanians having further settled in the village, especially after the Second World War.[20]

Name

The town is known as Voskopojë (definite form: Voskopoja) in Albanian. The Aromanian name of the town varies between Moscopole, Moscopolea, Moscopoli, Muscopuli, Muscopulea and Voscopole. The Greek name of the town varies between Μοσχόπολη/Μοσχόπολις (Moschópoli/Moschópolis) and Βοσκόπολη/Βοσκόπολις (Voskópoli/Voskópolis). The town is called İskopol or Oskopol in Turkish[21] and Москополе (Moskopole) in Bulgarian.[22] It is known as Moscopole in Romanian.

Geography

Modern Voskopojë is located 21 km from Korçë, in the mountains of southeastern Albania, at an altitude of 1160 meters, and is a subdivision of Korçë municipality;[23][24] its population in 2011 was 1,058.[25] The municipality of Voskopojë consists of the villages of Voskopojë, Shipskë, Krushovë, Gjonomadh and Lavdar.[26] In 2005, the municipality had a population of 2,218,[27] whereas the settlement itself has a population of around 500.[23]

History

Prosperity

Demographics

The old coat of arms of Moscopole

Although located in a rather isolated place in the mountains of southern Albania, the city rose to become the most important center of the Aromanians. It was a small settlement until the end of the 17th century, but afterwards showed a remarkable financial and cultural development.[13] Some writers have claimed that Moscopole in its glory days (1730–1760) had as many as 70,000 inhabitants; other estimates placed its population closer to 35,000;[28][29] but a more realistic number may be closer to 3,500. According to Max Demeter Peyfuss, "the truth may be closer to this number than to 70,000. Moschopolis was certainly not among the largest Balkan cities of the 18th century".[30]

According to the Swedish historian Johann Thunmann, who visited Moscopole and wrote a history of the Aromanians in 1774, everyone in the city spoke Aromanian; many also spoke Greek, which was used for writing contracts. In fact the city is said to have been mainly populated by Aromanians. The fact was confirmed by a 1935 analysis of family names that showed that in the 18th century the majority of the population were indeed Aromanians, but there were also Greeks, Albanians and Bulgarians present in the city.[31][32]

Economy

Murals of the St. Nicholas Church, painted by David Selenica

Historically, the main economic activity of the city was livestock farming. The alternative name "Voskopolis" and derived ones mean "city of shepherds".[33] This activity led to the establishment of wool processing and carpet manufacturing units and the development of tanneries, while other locals became metal workers and silver and copper smiths.[13] During the middle of the 18th century, the city became an important economic center whose influence spread over the boundaries of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, and reached further the Ottoman-ruled Eastern Orthodox world. This trade involved as far as the Archduchy of Austria, the Kingdom of Hungary, and the Upper Saxony. Until 1769, the town traded on a large scale with renowned European commercial centres of that time, such as Venice, Vienna and Leipzig.[34]

Culture

A printing press operated in Moscopole, which produced religious literature and school textbooks in Greek.[35] It was the second printing press in Ottoman Europe to be established after that of Constantinople under the supervision of Gregory, future bishop of Durrës.[citation needed] This establishment produced a total of nineteen books, mainly the collection of the Services to the Saints but also the Introduction of Grammar by the local scholar Theodore Kavalliotis.[13] All locally printed books were exclusively written in Greek with the indication En Moschopolei.[36] Kavalliotis later became director of the city's prestigious educational institution, which from 1744 was known as New Academy or Hellenikon Frontistirion, sponsored by wealthy foreign merchants.[37] This institution became one of the leading centers of learning for Orthodox Christians in western Balkans. The language of education was Greek while renowned Greek teachers were invited to provide lessons.[35]

The city also hosted an orphanage, known as Orphanodioiketerion, possibly the first in the post-Byzantine Orthodox world;[37] and also a hospital and a total of 24 churches.[23]

A cultural effervescence arose in Moscopole, and many authors published their works in both the Greek language (which was the language of culture of the Balkans at the time) and Aromanian, written in the Greek alphabet. In 1770, the first dictionary of four modern Balkan languages (Greek, Albanian, Aromanian and Bulgarian) was published here. Daniel Moscopolites, an Aromanian native priest of Moscopole, compiled a quadrilingual lexicon of Greek, Aromanian, Bulgarian and Albanian, that aimed at the Hellenization of the non-Greek-speaking Christian communities in the Balkans.[38][39] Due to the high level of intellectual activity and Greek education, Moscopole was nicknamed as New Athens or New Mystra.[40][41] As such, the city became an important 18th century center of the modern Greek Enlightenment.[42][43]

Decline

Dictionary of four Balkan languages (Greek, Aromanian, Bulgarian and Albanian), written by Daniel Moscopolites
Dictionary of four Balkan languages (Greek, Aromanian, Bulgarian and Albanian), written by Daniel Moscopolites

The 1769 sacking and pillaging by Muslim Albanian[31] troops was just the first of a series of attacks to the city. Moscopole was attacked due to the participation of the residents in the preparations for a Greek revolt supported by the Russian Empire known as the Orlov Revolt.[13] Its destruction culminated with the razing of 1788 by the troops of Ali Pasha of Ioannina.[44] Moscopole was practically destroyed by this attack, with some of its commerce shifting to nearby Korçë and Berat.[45]

Image of the St. Nicholas Church

The survivors were thus forced to flee, most of them emigrating mainly to Thessaly and Macedonia.[46] Orthodox Albanians from Moscopole which migrated in the beginning of the 19th century to Kruševo would found the so called Ohtul di Arbinesh (Hill of the Albanians) neighbourhood. This community would soon assimilate into the Aromanian population of the city.[47] Some of the commercial elite moved to the Archduchy of Austria, and the Kingdom of Hungary, especially to the respective capitals of Vienna and Budapest, but also to Transylvania, where they had an important role in the early national awakening of Romania. The city never rose back to its earlier status. However, a new school was established at the end of the 18th century whose headmaster in 1802 was Daniel Moscopolites. This school functioned the following decades, thanks to donations and bequests by baron Simon Sinas.[46] During this period, many members of the Aromanian diaspora who migrated to Budapest and Vienna started developing a unique Aromanian identity, being one of the first Aromanian populations to do so. These cities became gathering centers for Aromanians and Aromanian language and culture was promoted.[48][49]

In 1900, a report by the Greek consul Betsos gave details of the demographic composition of Moscopole.[50] It noted that the 18th century destruction of the settlement resulted in the dispersal of its Aromanian population and that some old remaining families moved to other places, in particular Korçë.[50] Around 30 old families remained, with the socio-political crisis that engulfed the nearby Opar region resulting in Albanian Christians leaving their previous homes and settling in Moscopole.[50] Aromanians from two nearby settlements also resettled in Moscopole.[50] In 1900, Moscopole was populated by a total of 200 families, consisting of 120 Albanian and 80 Aromanian families.[50] Most of the older Aromanian families had a Greek national consciousness while 3 families along with some of the newer residents were pro-Romanian (from a total of 20 older families), led by an unfrocked priest named Kosmas.[50]

In 1914, Moscopole was part of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus. The now village was destroyed again in 1916 during World War I by the marauding Albanian bands of Salih Butka,[51] who is considered among Aromanian circles as a criminal due to this event.[52]

During the Greco-Italian War, on 30 November 1940, the town was captured by the advancing Greek forces.[53] In April 1941, after the capitulation of Greece, Moscopole returned to Axis control. The remaining buildings were razed three times during the partisan warfare of World War II: once by Italian troops and twice by the Albanian nationalist Balli Kombëtar organization.[54] Of the old city, six Orthodox churches (one in a very ruined state), a bridge and a monastery survive. In 1996, the church of St. Michael was vandalized by three adolescent Albanians under the influence of a foreign Muslim fundamentalist.[29] In 2002, the five standing churches were put on the World Monuments Fund's 2002 World Monuments Watch.[55]

Modern times

At 1996 the church of Saint Michael was vandalized by Albanian adolescents, an incident that shocked and dismayed the Albanian public.[29] Today, Moscopole is just a small mountain village and ski resort.[56] Nonetheless, memories of glory days of Moscopole remain an important part of the culture of the Aromanians.[citation needed] During recent years, a Greek language institution and a joint Greek–Albanian initiative has operated in Moscopole.[57] Moscopole, known in Albania as being a traditionally Christian settlement, is a neighbour to various Muslim and Christian Albanian villages that surround it, although the latter ones have become "demographically depressed" due to migration.[58] During the communist period, some Muslims from surrounding villages settled in Moscopole, making locals view the village population as mixed (i përzier) and lamenting the decline of the Christian element.[58] In modern times Aromanians no longer form a majority of the population, with incoming Christian and Muslim Albanians having further settled in the village, especially after the Second World War.[20] According to the 2011 Albanian census, out of the 1,058 inhabitants, 69,57% declared themselves as Albanian, 5,48% declared themselves as Aromanian, 0,47% declared themselves as Macedonians, and 0,09% as Greek. The remaining 24.39% did not state any ethnicity.[59]

Orthodox churches and monasteries

Decorated exonarthex of the St. Athanasius' Church
The ruined St. Charalampus' Church

The remaining churches in the region are among the most representative of 18th century ecclesiastical art in the Balkans. Characteristically, their murals are comparable to that in the large monastic centres at Mount Athos and Meteora, both in Greece. The architectural design is in general specific and identical: a large three-aisled basilica with a gable roof. The churches are single-apsed, with a wide altar apse and internal niches that serve as prothesis and diaconicon. Most churches also have one niche, each on the northern and southern walls, next to the prothesis and the diaconicon. Along the southern side there is an arched porch.[34]

Of the original around 24–30 churches of Moscopole, besides the St. John the Baptist Monastery (Albanian: Manastiri i Shën Prodhromit; Greek: Μονή Αγίου Ιωάννου του Προδρόμου) in the vicinity of the town,[34] only five have survived into modern times:

Some of the ruined churches include the following:

Climate

There is a combination of mild valley climate in the lower parts and true Alpine climate in the higher regions.[citation needed] Favorable climate conditions make this center ideal for winter, summer, sport and recreation tourism, so there are tourists during the whole year, and not only from areas of Albania, but also foreigners.[61]

Notable people

People born in Moscopole:

Others with roots in Moscopole:

Gallery

  • Tourist center

    Tourist center

  • Mountains near Moscopole

    Mountains near Moscopole

  • Aromanian festival in Moscopole

    Aromanian festival in Moscopole

  • View of the village

    View of the village

  • Saint Nicholas Church

    Saint Nicholas Church

  • Saint Nicholas Church

    Saint Nicholas Church

  • Arched bridge next to the village

    Arched bridge next to the village

See also

References

  1. ^ Stoica, Lascu (2012). "The constitution of the dimensions of Balkan Romanianism in the perception of the society of the Danubian Principalities (first half of the XIXth century)". Valahian Journal of Historical Studies. 18–19: 81–106.
  2. ^ Berciu Drăghicescu, Adina; Madge, Octavia Luciana; Coman, Virgil (2011). "Farsherots, Moscopolitans, Megleno-Romanians – Online Recovery of their Cultural Heritage". Library & Information Science Research (15).
  3. ^ Giakoumis 2016, p. 105.
  4. ^ Förster Horst, Fassel Horst. Kulturdialog und akzeptierte Vielfalt?: Rumänien und rumänische Sprachgebiete nach 1918.. Franz Steiner Verlag, 1999. ISBN 978-3-7995-2508-4, p. 33: "Moschopolis zwar eine aromunische Stadt ... deren intelektuelle Elite in starken Masse graekophil war."
  5. ^ Rousseva R. Iconographic characteristics of the churches in Moschopolis and Vithkuqi (Albania), Makedonika, 2006, v. 35, pp. 163–191. Archived 4 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine In English and Greek, with photographs of icons and inscriptions.
  6. ^ Cohen, Mark (2003). Last century of a Sephardic community: the Jews of Monastir, 1839–1943. Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-886857-06-3. Moschopolis emerged as the leading center of Greek intellectual activity in the 18th
  7. ^ Winnifrith, Tom (2002). Badlands, borderlands: a history of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania. Duckworth. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7156-3201-7.
  8. ^ Skendi, Stavro (1980). Balkan Cultural Studies. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-914710-66-0. Two centers of Greek culture exercised strong influence on the Orthodox Albanians : Voskopojë ( Moskhopolis ), in the south, near Korçë
  9. ^ Mustafa, Avzi (1997). Edukata dhe arsimi nëpër shekuj: studime dhe artikuj. Shkupi. p. 61. Në Voskopojë jetonin shqiptarët ortodoksë dhe arumunët, të cilët i takonin Patrikanës së Ohrit. Nga ana tjetër tregtia e zhvilluar ndikoi që të depërtojë kultura e perëndimit. Kështu Voskopoja u bë një nyje e rëndësishme ku lidheshin të gjitha rrjetat tregtare, madje edhe kulturale të Evropës Perëndimore.
  10. ^ Skutsch, Carl (2013). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Taylor & Francis. p. 64. ISBN 9781135193881.
  11. ^ a b Vickers, Miranda (1995). The Albanians: A Modern History. I.B.Tauris. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9780857736550.
  12. ^ Cohen, Mark (2003). Last century of a Sephardic community : the Jews of Monastir, 1839–1943. New York: Foundation for the advancement of Sephardic studies and culture. ISBN 9781886857063. In 1769, and then again in 1788, this thriving town was sacked by Muslim Albanians. It was finally destroyed in the early 19th century by Ali Pasha...
  13. ^ a b c d e f Mikropoulos, Tassos A. (2008). Elevating and Safeguarding Culture Using Tools of the Information Society: Dusty traces of the Muslim culture. Earthlab. pp. 315–316. ISBN 978-960-233-187-3.
  14. ^ Hermine G. De Soto, Nora Dudwick. Fieldwork dilemmas: anthropologists in postsocialist states. Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-299-16374-7, p. 45.
  15. ^ Mackridge, Peter (2 April 2009). Language and National Identity in Greece, 1766–1976. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-19-921442-6.
  16. ^ Gilles de Rapper. Religion on the border: Sanctuaries and festivals in post-communist Albania. Religion on the Boundary and the Politics of Divine Interventions. Proceedings of the International Conference, Sofia 14–18 April 2006. Istanbul, Isis Press, p. 5.
  17. ^ "Ismail Kadare ti armâńi / Ismail Kadare për vllehtë". Frația (in Albanian and Aromanian). Vol. 11, no. 177. 3 November 2010. p. 3. Al'iura dit România și Gărchia, armâńi tu Albanii avea Jerusalemu a lor, Moscopolea.
  18. ^ Popescu, Adina (1–7 September 2022). "Cine sînt aromânii din Albania? – un interviu cu Entela BINJAKU". Dilema Veche (in Romanian). No. 960. Moscopole este ca un Ierusalim al nostru, pentru că o mare parte din aromânii risipiți prin țară, cum ar fi cei din orașul Fier, provin din Moscopole.
  19. ^ Kocój, Ewa (29 September 2016). "Artifacts of the Past as Traces of Memory. The Aromanian Cultural Heritage in the Balkans". Res Historica (41): 159. doi:10.17951/rh.2016.41.159. ISSN 2082-6060. Retrieved 12 September 2022. The 1768 expulsion of Aromanians from Moscopole gave rise to the legend of the city, which in modern explications is portrayed as the Arcadia of the Balkans, a New Jerusalem or a New Athens.
  20. ^ a b Gilles de Rapper. Religion on the border: Sanctuaries and festivals in post-communist Albania. Religion on the Boundary and the Politics of Divine Interventions. Proceedings of the International Conference, Sofia 14–18 April 2006. Istanbul, Isis Press, p. 12.After several assaults and destruction by its Muslim neighbours, Voskopojë is no more than a big village in which Aromanian population is not in majority anymore. Albanian-speaking Christians and Muslims have come and settled, especially after the Second World War, when life conditions became more attractive in what was turned into an administrative centre rather than in remote mountain villages.
  21. ^ Anscombe, Frederick (2006). "Albanians and "mountain bandits"". In Anscombe, Frederick. The Ottoman Balkans, 1750–1830. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 99. "İskopol/Oskopol (Voskopoje, southeast Albania"
  22. ^ Нида Бога: Москополе. Преводач: Николай Кюркчиев, София 2000.
  23. ^ a b c Marcel Cornis-Pope; John Neubauer (2004). History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and Disjunctures in the 19th and 20th Centuries. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 288. ISBN 90-272-3453-1.
  24. ^ "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). pp. 6372–6373. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  25. ^ 2011 census results Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Greece – Albania Neighbourhood Programme Archived 27 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ "Albania Communes". World Health Organization. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  28. ^ Peyfuss, p. 35-36 snippet view
  29. ^ a b c Robert Elsie's review on Peyfuss"Peyfuß, Max Demeter: Die Druckerei von Moschopolis, 1731–1769. Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung im Erzbistum Achrida" (PDF). Elsie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2005.
  30. ^ Max Demeter Peyfuss. Die Druckerei von Moschopolis, 1731–1769: Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung im Erzbistum Achrida. Böhlau, 1989, ISBN 978-3-205-05293-7, p. 35–36
  31. ^ a b Stavrianos Leften Stavros, Stoianovich Traian. The Balkans since 1453. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000. ISBN 978-1-85065-551-0, p. 278.
  32. ^ Trifon, Nicolas (1 January 2005). "Des Aroumains aux Tsintsares: destinées historiques et littéraires d'un peuple méconnu". Contre-feux (in French). Archived from the original on 24 January 2005.
  33. ^ Geographikon tēs Rhumanias: es akribesteran kai plēresteran katalēpsin tēs historias autēs. Tauchnitz. 1816. p. 35.
  34. ^ a b c d Kirchhainer, Karin (2003). "Iconographic Characteristics of the Churches in Moschopolis and Vithikuqi (Albania)" (PDF). Makedonika. 35 (4): 163–191.
  35. ^ a b Detrez, Raymond (15 July 2013). Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies. BRILL. p. 52. ISBN 978-90-04-25076-5.
  36. ^ Peyfuss, Max Demeter (1999). "The printing shop of Moschopolis" (PDF). Institute of Macedonian Studies: 200. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  37. ^ a b Anthony L. Scott (2003). Good and Faithful Servant: Stewardship in the Orthodox Church. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-88141-255-0.
  38. ^ Friedman A. Victor. After 170 years of Balkan linguistics. Wither the Millennium? University of Chicago. p. 2: "...given the intent of these comparative lexicons was the Hellenization of non-Greek-speaking Balkan Christians...
  39. ^ Horst Förster; Horst Fassel (1999). Kulturdialog und akzeptierte Vielfalt?: Rumänien und rumänische Sprachgebiete nach 1918. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 35, 45. ISBN 978-3-7995-2508-4.
  40. ^ Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. Duke University. 1981.
  41. ^ Asterios I. Koukoudēs. The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora. 2003.
  42. ^ Goldwyn, Adam J.; Silverman, Renée M. (2016). Mediterranean Modernism: Intercultural Exchange and Aesthetic Development. Springer. p. 177. ISBN 9781137586568. ...with Moschopolis we get a perspective on the Balkans, Greek enlightenment and the eighteent century...
  43. ^ Kitromilides, Paschalis M. (2013). Enlightenment and Revolution. Harvard University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780674726413. Besides the triangle... with a northwestern outpost in Moschopolis), where the first drama of the Enlightenment ...
  44. ^ Katherine Elizabeth Fleming. The Muslim Bonaparte: diplomacy and orientalism in Ali Pasha's Greece. Princeton University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-691-00194-4, p. 36 "...destroyed by resentful Muslim Albanians in 1788"
  45. ^ Princeton University. Dept. of Near Eastern Studies. Princeton papers: interdisciplinary journal of Middle Eastern studies. Markus Wiener Publishers, 2002. ISSN 1084-5666, p. 100.
  46. ^ a b Sakellariou, M. V. (1997). Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Ekdotikē Athēnōn. p. 308. ISBN 978-960-213-371-2.
  47. ^ Murati, Qemal (2011). "SHQIPJA DHE MAQEDOARUMANISHTJA NGA ASPEKTI I KONTAKTEVE MIDIS TYRE". Studime Albanologjike. ITSH: 10.
  48. ^ Crețulescu, Vladimir (2015). "The Aromanian-Romanian national movement (1859-1905): an analytical model". Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia. 22 (1): 99–121. doi:10.14746/bp.2015.22.8.
  49. ^ Kahl, Thede (2003). "Aromanians in Greece: Minority or Vlach-speaking Greeks?" (PDF). Jahrbücher für Geschichte und Kultur Südosteuropas. 5: 205–219.
  50. ^ a b c d e f Koukoudis, Asterios (2003). The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora. Thessaloniki: Zitros Publications. pp. 362–363. ISBN 9789607760869. "A report by Betsos, the Greek consul in Monastir, is very informative about the demographic composition of Moschopolis in 1900. Moscopolis: The old Vlach-speaking inhabitants of Moscopolis dispersed in all directions at the end of the eighteenth century, because the Moslem Albanians living round about pillages that once famed city, and the comparatively few remaining families gradually moved elsewhere, particularly to Korçë, which slowly became an important commercial centre. Of the old Vlach families, only about thirty remain in Moscopolis; but on the other hand, the widespread disorder ravaging the area of Opar has caused many Albanian speaking families to leave the barren, mountainous parts of the country and remove to Moscopolis, where they till the land and raise livestock. Able Vlach-speaking families came from two Vlach settlements to Moscopolis, of which the entire population at present amounts to 200 families, of which 120 are Albanian-speaking and the remaining 80 Vlach speaking. All the old Vlach-speaking families have remained true to , but for three, who, together with some of the newcomers, have been led astray by the unfrocked priest Kosmas. The Romanising families there number twenty in all."
  51. ^ Badlands, borderlands: a history of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania. Tom Winnifrith. Duckworth, 2002. ISBN 978-0-7156-3201-7, p. 61.
  52. ^ Nikolaeva Todorova Marii︠a︡. Balkan identities: nation and memory. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85065-715-6, pp. 108-109.
  53. ^ Creveld, Martin L. van (1973). Hitler's strategy 1940–1941 : the Balkan clue (Reprinted. ed.). London: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 9780521201438. Moschopolis and Pogradec fell on 30 November
  54. ^ Pyrrhus J., Ruches (1965). "Albania's Captives". Chicago: Argonaut: 213. Burned once by the Italians, twice by the Ballists... led by Dervish Bejo by Georgevitsa. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  55. ^ "Voskopojë Churches | World Monuments Fund".
  56. ^ Golka, Vasjan (17 November 2008). "Korca Te dhena te pergjithshme" (PDF). Korca Jone Portal. p. 7.
  57. ^ Καγιά, Έβις (2006). Το Ζήτημα της Εκπαίδευσης στην Ελληνική Μειονότητα και οι Δίγλωσσοι Μετανάστες Μαθητές στα Ελληνικά Ιδιωτκά Σχολεία στην Αλβανία (in Greek). University of Thessaloniki. pp. 118–121. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  58. ^ a b De Rapper, Gilles (2010). "Religion on the border: sanctuaries and festivals in post-communist Albania": 3. The three villages are known as Christians villages where Muslims have recently settled, especially during communist times, so that today their population is said to be 'mixed' (i përzier). They are also surrounded by Muslim villages, or by demographically depressed Christian villages; in other words, from the Christian point of view, the villages and their surroundings have lost a part of their Christian character. In the case of Moscopole and Vithkuq, this loss is told in a more dramatic mode: both villages are known to have been prosperous Christian cities in the 18th century, before they were plundered and destroyed during repeated attacks by local Muslims. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  59. ^ "Ethnic composition of Albania 2011".
  60. ^ Koukoudis, Asterios I. (2003). The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora. Zitros. p. 13. ISBN 978-960-7760-86-9.
  61. ^ Vassilis Nitsiakos (October 2010). On the Border: Transborder Mobility, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries Along the Albanian-Greek Frontier. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 373. ISBN 978-3-643-10793-0.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Adhami, Stilian (1989). Voskopoja: në shekullin e lulëzimit të saj (in Albanian). Tirana, Albania: 8 Nentori. p. 222.
  • Falo, Dhari (2002). "Trayedia ali Muscopuli" (in Aromanian). Editura Cartea Aromână. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Γεωργιάδης, Θεόφραστος (1975). Moschopolis Μοσχόπολις (in Greek). Έκδοσις Συλλόγου προς Διάδοση των Ελληνικών Γραμμάτων.
  • Plasari, Aurel (2000). "Fenomeni Voskopoje". Mendimi Shqiptar (in Albanian). Phoenix (6): 100.
  • Robert Elsie, Eifel Olzheim. Review: Peyfuß, Max Demeter: Die Druckerei von Moschopolis, 1731–1769. Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung im Erzbistum Achrida.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moscopole.
Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Moscopole
>Text je dostupný pod licencí Creative Commons Uveďte autora – Zachovejte licenci, případně za dalších podmínek. Podrobnosti naleznete na stránce Podmínky užití.
Zdroj: Wikipedia.org - čítajte viac o Moscopole

Navigace: Módní doplňky >

Šperkařství
Šperky
Chytré hodinky
Galanterie
Hodinářské firmy
Hodinky
Hodiny
Módní doplňky
Minerály
Pokrývky hlavy
Sklářství
Zlatníci
Zlatnictví

Příbuzné výrazy :
Řetízek (ozdoba)
Šátek
Beadweaving
Bižuterie
Bolo
Dřevěný motýlek
Deštník
Digitálky
Fiží
Galanterie
Hodinky
Kšandy
Kapesník
Korálek
Kravata
Lanyard
Modista
Motýlek (oděvní doplněk)
Odznak
Pléd
Placka (odznak)
Rukávník
Spona na kravatu
Sponka do vlasů
Tabulky (kolárek)
Vějíř



Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok.
Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.