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Nambaryn Enkhbayar (Mongolian: Намбарын Энхбаяр; born 1 June 1958) is a Mongolian politician. He served as the Prime Minister of Mongolia from 2000 to 2004, as Chairman of the State Great Khural from 2004 to 2005, and as President of Mongolia from 2005 to 2009. He is the first person to have held all of the top three positions in the Mongolian government. He was the chairman of the Mongolian People’s Party from 1997 to 2005 and head of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party from 2010 to 2021.[1] His eldest son, Batshugar Enkhbayar is a member of the State Great Khural from Mongolian People's Party. Due to his corruption scandal he is regarded as the godfather of corruption in Mongolian politics by the public media.[2][3]
Early life and education
Nambaryn Enkhbayar was born on 1 June 1958 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. He finished a secondary school in 1975, and earned an undergraduate degree majoring in literature and language studies from Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in Moscow, Russia in 1980. He studied at an English language and literature course[4] at Leeds University in the United Kingdom in 1985–1986.[5] As a young man, he translated the works of Mongolian poet Mend-Ooyo Gombojav into English.[6] Enkhbayar became the chairman of the Association of Mongolian Writers in 1990. He is married to Onongiin Tsolmon since 1987 and they have four children.[7]
Legislative career
In 1992, as a member of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) Enkhbayar was elected to the State Great Khural (Mongolian Parliament). Mongolia voted to retain former communist MPRP during its first venture into democratic elections, and Enkhbayar was appointed to serve as the country's Minister of Culture. He held that post until 1996, when the Democratic Party ousted the MPRP in the parliamentary elections that year. In 1996 Enkhbayar became the secretary general of the MPRP and led the opposition MPRP group in the Parliament. In 1997 he was elected as the chairman of the MPRP.[8]
Prime Minister
In 1999, the country was hit by one of its infamous zud spells, when summer drought and cold weather blizzards resulted in severe food shortages and loss of thousands of livestock. The government responded poorly to the disaster and the MPRP received an unexpected boost from the climatological disaster.[9] In 2000, the MPRP won 72 out of 76 seats in parliamentary elections.[10] With the MPRP controlling the parliament, Enkhbayar became the country's prime minister. He initiated an ambitious Millennium Road project to connect Mongolian territory from east to west.[7] During Enkhbayar's time as prime minister, he successfully eliminated Mongolia's debt to the former Soviet Union; this was the first time since the 1920s that Mongolia did not owe debt to its northern neighbor.[11] The debt was controversial due to Mongolia being a raw material supplier to the Soviet Union[12] pricing the materials almost free for former USSR. International exposure of Mongolia's vast mineral resources led to the economy experiencing 10% real GDP growth in 2004.[13]
Speaker of Parliament
In 2004, MPRP lost to Motherland Democratic Coalition-a coalition of Democratic Party and Motherland Party. Due to election result where none of the coalition and the MPRP became the enough majority to hold the government, grand coalition government was formed and Enkhbayar became the speaker of the Parliament and served on this post in 2004–2005.[7]
President
He won the 2005 presidential election and became the Mongolian President. He welcomed U.S. President George W. Bush who paid an official visit to Mongolia. It was the first visit of a U.S president to the country.[14] Mongolia received US$285 million aid from the United States' Millennium Challenge Compact (MCC) which United States President George W. Bush signed with Enkhbayar in 2007.[15]
In the 2009 Mongolian presidential election, incumbent president Enkhbayar was defeated by Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj of Democratic Party. Elbegdorj won 51.21% of total votes while Enkhbayar got 47.41%.[16][17] Thus Enkhbayar became the first Mongolian President to lose re-election.[18]
New political party establishment
In 2010, Enkhbayar established a political party and named it Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. The party received approval to use the previous name of the Mongolian People's Party from the Supreme Court of Mongolia on 26 June 2011.[19] Enkhbayar became the chairman of his established party.[20]
Convicted of corruption
The Independent Authority Against Corruption (IAAC) arrested Enkhbayar at the dawn of 13 April 2012. The IAAC stated that it arrested Enkhbayar for questioning in a graft case involving the illegal privatization of a government-owned hotel because he never showed up for questioning.[21]
Over 1000 members of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party and Enkhbayar's supporters participated in Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party's organized demonstration demanding Enkhbayar's release on the same day of his arrest.[22] On 4 May 2012, Enkhbayar announced a dry hunger strike demanding his release.[23] He lost around 12 kilograms in 16 days.[24] Amnesty International issued a statement demanding the Mongolian authority to respect human rights of Enkhbayar compatible to international standards.[25] United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon made a phone call to President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj expressing concern over Enkhbayar's health.[23] Enkhbayar was released on bail on 14 May 2012. United States Senator Dianne Feinstein expressed to the U.S.Senate her pleasure for Enkhbayar's release on bail and said "For any democracy, due process and the rule of law are essential."[26]
On 8 June 2012, the General Elections Committee (GEC) refused to register Enkhbayar as a candidate for the 2012 parliamentary elections in the MPRP party list listed as number one. It stated that the official documents sent from the Prosecutor's Office and Sukhbaatar District Court of Ulaanbaatar required the rejection of Enkhbayar's application pending the case.[27] However, Enkhbayar and his lawyers argue that the incumbent president, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, who took office in 2009, engineered the corruption case to keep him from running in the coming elections. They claim that the court gave them insufficient time to review the prosecutors' evidence and witness statements. The election authorities' denial of Enkhbayar's candidacy on 6 June, they say, violates his constitutional right to be considered innocent until proven guilty. According to a US-based independent trial observer, the five charges leveled against Enkhbayar seem overblown and unsubstantiated. One accuses him of misappropriating TV equipment that was intended for a Buddhist monastery. Another alleges that he illegally shipped eight copies of his autobiography to South Korea on a government plane.[28]
On 2 August 2012, after a three-day trial Sukhbaatar District Court convicted Enkhbayar of corruption and sentenced to seven years of imprisonment, three of which was pardoned and then gave four years prison term and fined with over MNT 1.7 billion for misusing state properties and government power.[29][30] Enkhbayar's sentence was reduced to two and a half year prison term without the fine by the Supreme Court of Mongolia-the highest court in Mongolia.[31]
On 1 August 2013, President of Mongolia Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj issued a decree to pardon Enkhbayar thus releasing him from the rest of his jail term effective on the decree date.[32][33]
Sports
Enkhbayar climbed the highest peak in Mongolia, Khüiten Peak, with mountaineers of the Mongolian Mountaineering Federation and the Nepal Mountaineering Association on 23 June 2011.[34]
Religion
Enkhbayar is a follower of Tibetan Buddhism. He translated several Buddhist texts into Mongolian.[35]
Notes
- ^ "Nambaryn Enkhbayar". britannica.com. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ Edwards, Terrence. ""Авлигын загалмайлсан эцэг" Монголын улс төрд эргэн ирэх гэж байна". assa.mn. Business New Europe. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ "Ганц Н.Энхбаяр авлигын загалмайлсан эцэг биш!". news.mn. Г. Хорол. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
- ^ "Enkhbayar, Nambaryn". Undestnii tsahim ov akademi(National Digital Heritage Academy) (in Mongolian). Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "Nambaryn Enkhbayar, President of Mongolia". Columbia University World Leaders Forum. 24 October 2007. Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
- ^ Morrow, Peter. My Mongolia, p. 299
- ^ a b c "Nambaryn Enkhbayar". notablebiographies.com. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "Nambaryn Enkhbayar, former President of Mongolia". lenta.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ Siurua and Swift, H. and J. (2002). "Famine Avoided Despite Drought and 'Zud' in Mongolia". ENN. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "Parliamentary Chamber: Ulsyn Ikh Khural. Elections held in 2000". ipu.org. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ Jeffries, Ian (2007). Mongolia: A Guide to Economic and Political Developments. Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 9780203962039. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ Kotkin and Elleman, Stephen and Bruce A. (1999). Mongolia in the Twentieth Century: Landlocked Cosmopolitan. M.E.Sharpe Inc. p. 282. ISBN 9780765605351. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "Mongolia Country Report". Global Finance. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "US President Bush visits Mongolia". Xinhua News Agency. 21 November 2005. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "President Bush and President Enkhbayar of Mongolia Sign the Millennium Challenge Corporation Compact". whitehouse.gov. 22 October 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "Mongolia Profile". BBC. 5 December 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ Enkhbayar, Roland-Holst, Sugiyarto, Shagdar, David and Guntur (September 2010). "Mongolia's investment priorities from a national development perspective" (PDF). berkeley.edu. p. 9. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Enkhbayar, Nambaryn". voanews.com. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ Supreme Court of Mongolia
- ^ "Former MPRP is reborn and former President named chairman". Business-Mongolia.com. 2 February 2011. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Mongolian ex-president seized over corruption". Foxnews.com. 13 April 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ Tang, Danlu (13 April 2012). "Mongolian party stages protest against former president's arrest". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ a b B., Chimeg (15 May 2012). "N.Enkhbayar is released on bail". infomongolia.com. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "N.Enkhbayar lost 16 kg in 12 days". 24tsag.mn (in Mongolian). 15 May 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "Mongolian authorities must respect the human rights of former Mongolian president following his arrest". Amnesty International Mongolia. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ Feinstein, Dianne (14 May 2012). "Feinstein Statement on Former Mongolian President Enkhbayar". feinstein.senate.gov. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "Mongolia ex-president nixed from upcoming election". foxnews.com. 8 June 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "Mongolia's new wealth and rising corruption is tearing the nation apart". TheGuardian.com. 27 June 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
- ^ "Mongolia ex-leader Nambar Enkhbayar jailed". BBC. 3 August 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "Former President of Mongolia N.Enkhbayar is sentenced to 4 years of imprisonment". infomongolia.com. 3 August 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "Enkhbayar's request to be freed from conviction returned". news.mn (in Mongolian). 7 May 2013. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "N.Enkhbayar pardoned (in Mongolian)". Office of the President of Mongolia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
- ^ J., Erkhes. "N.Enkhbayar released from rest of his jail term(in Mongolian)". news.mn. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
- ^ Karki, Niraj (October 2011). "From Mt. Everest to Mt. Khuiten". ECS Nepal. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "Mongolian President Enkhbayar's Spiritual Outlook". buddhistchannel.tv. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
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Given name
Patronymic
Surname
File:Намбарын Энхбаяр (cropped 2).jpg
President of Mongolia
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
Miyeegombyn Enkhbold
Sanjaagiin Bayar
Natsagiin Bagabandi
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
Prime Minister of Mongolia
Natsagiin Bagabandi
Rinchinnyamyn Amarjargal
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
Chairman of the State Great Khural
Tsendiin Nyamdorj
Chairman of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
Natsagiin Bagabandi
Miyeegombyn Enkhbold
General Secretary of the Mongolian People's Party
Büdragchaagiin Dash-Yondon
Natsagiin Bagabandi
Ulaanbaatar
Mongolian People's Party
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (2010)
Batshugar Enkhbayar
Alma mater
Maxim Gorky Literature Institute
File:Nambaryn Enkhbayar 2004 (cropped).jpg
File:Bush Enkhbayar MCA.jpg
George W. Bush
Millennium Challenge Corporation
Mongolian language
Mongolia
Prime Minister of Mongolia
Chairman of the State Great Khural
President of Mongolia
Mongolian People's Party
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (2010)
Batshugar Enkhbayar
State Great Khural
Mongolian People's Party
Godparent
Ulaanbaatar
Maxim Gorky Literature Institute
Moscow
Russia
University of Leeds
United Kingdom
Mend-Ooyo Gombojav
Mongolian People's Party
State Great Khural
Democratic Party (Mongolia)
Zud
GDP
Motherland Democratic Coalition
Democratic Party (Mongolia)
2005 Mongolian presidential election
George W. Bush
2009 Mongolian presidential election
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
Democratic Party (Mongolia)
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (2010-)
Mongolian People's Party
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (2010-)
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (2010-)
Amnesty International
United Nations Secretary-General
Ban Ki-moon
United States
Dianne Feinstein
Supreme Court of Mongolia
Khüiten Peak
Tibetan Buddhism
show/name/Энхбаяр Намбарын
Columbia University
ISBN (identifier)
Special:BookSources/9780203962039
ISBN (identifier)
Special:BookSources/9780765605351
Template:Cite web
Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list
Template:Cite web
Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL
TheGuardian.com
Büdragchaagiin Dash-Yondon
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Party
Natsagiin Bagabandi
Natsagiin Bagabandi
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Party
Miyeegombyn Enkhbold
Rinchinnyamyn Amarjargal
Prime Minister of Mongolia
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
Natsagiin Bagabandi
President of Mongolia
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
Template:Leaders of the Mongolian People's Party
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General Secretary of the Mongolian People's Party
Soliin Danzan
Dogsomyn Bodoo
Tseren-Ochiryn Dambadorj
Ajvaagiin Danzan
Ölziin Badrakh
Bat-Ochiryn Eldev-Ochir
Peljidiin Genden
Zolbingiin Shijee
Jambyn Lkhümbe
Dorjjavyn Luvsansharav
Khas-Ochiryn Luvsandorj
Banzarjavyn Baasanjav
Dashiin Damba
Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal
Jambyn Batmönkh
Gombojavyn Ochirbat
Büdragchaagiin Dash-Yondon
Natsagiin Bagabandi
Miyeegombyn Enkhbold
Sanjaagiin Bayar
Sükhbaataryn Batbold
Ölziisaikhany Enkhtüvshin
Miyeegombyn Enkhbold
Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh
Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene
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Prime Minister of Mongolia
List of prime ministers of Mongolia
Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren
Gonchigjalzangiin Badamdorj
Jalkhanz Khutagt Sodnomyn Damdinbazar
Manzushir Khutagt Sambadondogiin Tserendorj
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Anandyn Amar
Tsengeltiin Jigjidjav
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Anandyn Amar
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Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal
Jambyn Batmönkh
Dumaagiin Sodnom
Sharavyn Gungaadorj
Dashiin Byambasüren
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Puntsagiin Jasrai
Mendsaikhany Enkhsaikhan
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
Janlavyn Narantsatsralt
Nyam-Osoryn Tuyaa
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Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
Miyeegombyn Enkhbold
Sanjaagiin Bayar
Sükhbaataryn Batbold
Norovyn Altankhuyag
Dendeviin Terbishdagva
Chimediin Saikhanbileg
Jargaltulgyn Erdenebat
Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh
Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene
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President of Mongolia
List of heads of state of Mongolia
Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
Bogd Khan
Balingiin Tserendorj
Mongolian People's Republic
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Jamtsangiin Damdinsüren
Khorloogiin Choibalsan
Losolyn Laagan
Anandyn Amar
Dansranbilegiin Dogsom
Gonchigiin Bumtsend
Sükhbaataryn Yanjmaa
Jamsrangiin Sambuu
Tsagaanlamyn Dügersüren
Sonomyn Luvsan
Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal
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Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat
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Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat
Natsagiin Bagabandi
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
Khaltmaagiin Battulga
Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh
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Chairman of the State Great Khural
Radnaasümbereliin Gonchigdorj
Natsagiin Bagabandi
Radnaasümbereliin Gonchigdorj
Tsendiin Nyamdorj
Danzangiin Lundeejantsan
Damdiny Demberel
Zandaakhüügiin Enkhbold
Miyeegombyn Enkhbold
Gombojavyn Zandanshatar
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