A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
Nsɔ | |
---|---|
Lamnsɔ’ | |
Native to | Cameroon |
Native speakers | 240,000 in Cameroon (2005)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | lns |
Glottolog | lamn1239 |
Nsọ[2] | |
---|---|
People | Nsọ |
Language | Lam-Nsọ’ |
Nso (Lamnso, Lamnsɔ’) is the Grassfields language of the Nso people of western Cameroon. A few may remain in Nigeria. It has ten major noun classes.[3] The ISO 639-3 code is lns.[4] Nso is spoken by over 100,000 people.[5]
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labial- velar |
Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | sibilant | |||||||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||
Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | (p) | t | (t͡s) | t͡ʃ | k | k͡p | ʔ |
voiced | b | d | (d͡z) | d͡ʒ | ɡ | ɡ͡b | ||
prenasal vl. | ⁿt | (ⁿt͡s) | ᶮt͡ʃ | ᵑk | ᵑᵐk͡p | |||
prenasal vd. | ᵐb | ⁿd | (ⁿd͡z) | ᶮd͡ʒ | ᵑɡ | ᵑᵐɡ͡b | ||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | (h) | |||
voiced | v | ɣ | ||||||
prenasal | ᶬf | ⁿs | ᶮʃ | |||||
Tap | ɾ | |||||||
Approximant | l | j | w |
- Stop sounds /b, t, d, k, ɡ/ may have affricated phonetic variants as when occurring before /ə/. Sounds /ɣ, m/ may have variants as when in the same position.
- Sounds /p/ and /h/ only occur in interjections, ideophones or loanwords.
- /p, t, k/ may also have aspirated allophones in word-initial positions.
- Prenasal fricative sounds /ᶬf, ⁿs, ᶮʃ/ may also have allophones as prenasal affricate sounds.
- Sounds /d͡ʒ, ʃ, k, ɡ, m, ŋ/ may be labialized as when before a vowel, and occurring only in the first syllable.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | ɛ ~ e | ə | ɔ ~ o |
Open | a |
- Vowels are lengthened as /iː, eː, əː, aː, oː, uː/.
- Sounds /ɛ, ɔ/ may also be heard as close-mid in free variation.
- Vowels /i, a, u/ are heard as when before /ʔ/ or nasal sounds.[6]
Writing System
Nso uses an orthography based on the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages (AGLC). An orthography had initially been created before being modified to follow the recommendations of the AGLC.[7]
a | b | c | d | e | ə | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | ŋ | o | p | r | s | t | u | v | w | y | z | ʼ |
Nso uses 23 digraphs ⟨bv, dz, gb, gh, gv, gw, jw, kf, kp, kw, mb, mf, mt, mv, nj, ns, nt, ny, ŋg, ŋk, ŋw, sh, ts⟩ and 7 trigraphs ⟨ghv, mbv, ndz, nsh, ŋgv, ŋgw, shw⟩. Long vowels are indicating by doubling the vowel ⟨aa, ee, əə, ii, oo, uu⟩. Diphthongs are noted ⟨ay, ey, əy, oy, uy, iy⟩.[8]
The high tone is indicated with the acute accent and the low tone with the grave accent on the vowel.
Phrases
- Beri wo. Thank you.
- Wiykijuŋ. You are welcome.
- A sahka? What news? (Greeting).
- Sah ka yo dzə. No news (Reply) or M bo sa. I am fine.
- Yirannia. Good morning.
- A sahka mbuni. How did you sleep?
- Aresi nia. Good afternoon.
- yi ginia. Good evening.
- Buni kijuŋ. Sleep well.
- A ber ni kibveshi. Good bye until tomorrow.
- Njemse juŋsi. Sweet dreams.
- Wuna wosa. And to you.
- Nyuy sævi wo. God bless you (Greeting).
- Vishi vejuŋvi. Good luck.
- Ghan kijuŋ. Safe journey.
- Fo mo. Give me.
- A du fe? Where are you going?
- Yir yee dzə la? What is your name?
- Yir yem dzə Lukoŋ. My name is Lukong.
- A dzə wan la? Whose child are you?
- M dzə wan Lukoŋ. I am Lukong's child.
- Fon Nso dze la? Who is the traditional ruler of Nso?
- Jiŋ yar mo. I am hungry.
- Ki loŋ ki yum mo. I am thirsty.
- M koŋ wo. I love you.
- Marir mo. Marry me.
- A du fee. Where are you going?
- Laisin jaiy wom. Forgive me
- M ker kibam. I have a bag
- Kinga ki te'e. The grass is growing
- Tsehti du šo. Shift it further away
- Dze la ven . Who is this?
- Kikoŋnin ki boŋ. Loving is good
Animal names
- baa: leopard
- jwi: dog
- kan: monkey
- kitam: elephant
- bvèreh: lion
- shishuiy: duiker
- bvey: goat
- njii: sheep
- nyaar: buffalo
- buhn: squirrel
- yo: serpent
- kinchiiy: cricket
- taa ngam: spider
- ngam: tarantula
- kuurra: hyena
- ngvev: chicken
- kibev: he-goat
- kibar: lizard
- kiliim: bat
Other nouns
- shuy: sun
- mindzev: water
- ngwa: book
- nanar: pineapple
- lav: house
- kitukelav: roof
- nsaalav: floor
- shulav: door
- ntah: chair
- gham: rug
- nton: cooking pot
- bowl: (typically a small bowl)
- bar: cup
- nkaa: basket
- sum: farm
- minkkah: firewood
- shishuur: pepper
- chinyuu: spoon
- mintanin: junction
- la' cu: house of worship (church)
- kitengteng: vehicle
- sang: rice
- kitukelav: roof
- saav: file
- tu': Irish potato
- mbulam: sweet potato
- kiku': cocoyam
- kingom: banana
- nyam: meat
- mbang: walking stick
- yiy: mom (mother)
- tar: dad (father)
- jemir: sister (relative)
- tamir: brother (relative)
- feer: relative (A general sense. Example: * M dze feer wo: I am your relative)
Tatakong:Stick insect
Adjectives
- lum: hot
- rə : cold
- Dzer: Heavy.
- Sen: Dark.
- Fer: White
- Shi'ir: Bitter.
- Nyom: Sweet
- nyaaŋ: Calm
References
- ^ Nsɔ at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
- ^ Laura W. McGarrity and Robert Botne. "BETWEEN AGREEMENT AND CASE MARKING IN LAMNSO" (PDF).
- ^ "ISO 639 code sets". www.sil.org. Retrieved 2017-06-21.
- ^ paul peek. "Lamnso". Flw.com. Retrieved 2011-10-21.
- ^ Anderson, Stephen C. (2015). A phonological sketch of Lamnso'. Yaoundé: SIL.
- ^ "Orthography and identity in Cameroon | Cameroon". www.silcam.org.
- ^ Banyee 2015.
Bibliography
- Banyee, William (25 November 2015). "Spelling and pronunciation in Lamso". The Nso heritage. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- McGarrity, Laura and Botne, Robert (2001). Between Agreement and Case Marking in Lamnso. IUWPL 3: Explorations in African Linguistics: From Lamnso' to Sesotho (2001), edited by Robert Botne and Rose Vondrasek, pp. 53–70. Bloomington, IN: Noun classes and categorization: Proceedings of a symposium on categorization and noun classification, Eugene, Oregon, October 1983. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
Niger–Congo languages
Atlantic–Congo
Benue–Congo
Southern Bantoid
Grassfields languages
Ring languages
ISO 639-3
Glottolog
Grassfields language
Nso people
Cameroon
Nigeria
Noun class
Labial consonant
Alveolar consonant
Palatal consonant
Velar consonant
Labial–velar consonant
Glottal consonant
Sibilant
Nasal consonant
Voiced bilabial nasal
Voiced alveolar nasal
Voiced palatal nasal
Voiced velar nasal
Stop consonant
Affricate
Voiceless bilabial plosive
Voiceless alveolar plosive
Voiceless alveolar affricate
Voiceless postalveolar affricate
Voiceless velar plosive
Voiceless labial–velar plosive
Glottal stop
Voiced bilabial plosive
Voiced alveolar plosive
Voiced alveolar affricate
Voiced postalveolar affricate
Voiced velar plosive
Voiced labial–velar plosive
Prenasalized consonant
Prenasalized consonant
Prenasalized consonant
Prenasalized consonant
Prenasalized consonant
Prenasalized consonant
Prenasalized consonant
Prenasalized consonant
Prenasalized consonant
Prenasalized consonant
Prenasalized consonant
Fricative consonant
Voiceless labiodental fricative
Voiceless alveolar fricative
Voiceless postalveolar fricative
Voiceless glottal fricative
Voiced labiodental fricative
Voiced velar fricative
Prenasalized consonant
Prenasalized consonant
Prenasalized consonant
Trill consonant
Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps
Approximant consonant
Voiced alveolar lateral approximant
Voiced palatal approximant
Voiced labial–velar approximant
Front vowel
Central vowel
Back vowel
Close vowel
Close front unrounded vowel
Close back rounded vowel
Mid vowel
Open-mid front unrounded vowel
Close-mid front unrounded vowel
Mid central vowel
Open-mid back rounded vowel
Close-mid back rounded vowel
Open vowel
Open front unrounded vowel
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Duiker
Sweet potato
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