Nuclear research reactor - Wiki slovník

The CROCUS research reactor of the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, in Switzerland

Research reactors are nuclear fission-based nuclear reactors that serve primarily as a neutron source. They are also called non-power reactors, in contrast to power reactors that are used for electricity production, heat generation, or maritime propulsion.

Purpose

The neutrons produced by a research reactor are used for neutron scattering, non-destructive testing, analysis and testing of materials, production of radioisotopes, research and public outreach and education. Research reactors that produce radioisotopes for medical or industrial use are sometimes called isotope reactors. Reactors that are optimised for beamline experiments nowadays compete with spallation sources.

Technical aspects

Research reactors are simpler than power reactors and operate at lower temperatures. They need far less fuel, and far less fission products build up as the fuel is used. On the other hand, their fuel requires more highly enriched uranium, typically up to 20% U-235,^[1] although some use 93% U-235; while 20% enrichment is not generally considered usable in nuclear weapons, 93% is commonly referred to as "weapons-grade". They also have a very high power density in the core, which requires special design features. Like power reactors, the core needs cooling, typically natural or forced convection with water, and a moderator is required to slow the neutron velocities and enhance fission. As neutron production is their main function, most research reactors benefit from reflectors to reduce neutron loss from the core.

Conversion to low enriched uranium

The International Atomic Energy Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy initiated a program in 1978 to develop the means to convert research reactors from using highly enriched uranium (HEU) to the use of low enriched uranium (LEU), in support of its nonproliferation policy.^[2]^[3] By that time, the U.S. had supplied research reactors and highly enriched uranium to 41 countries as part of its Atoms for Peace program. In 2004, the U.S. Department of Energy extended its Foreign Research Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel Acceptance program until 2019.^[4]

As of 2016, a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report concluded converting all research reactors to LEU cannot be completed until 2035 at the earliest. In part this is because the development of reliable LEU fuel for high neutron flux research reactors, that does not fail through swelling, has been slower than expected.^[5] As of 2020^[update], 72 HEU research reactors remain.^[6]

Designers and constructors

While in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s there were a number of companies that specialized in the design and construction of research reactors, the activity of this market cooled down afterwards, and many companies withdrew.

The market has consolidated today into a few companies that concentrate the key projects on a worldwide basis.

The most recent international tender (1999) for a research reactor was that organized by the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation for the design, construction and commissioning of the Open-pool Australian lightwater reactor (OPAL). Four companies were prequalified: Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), INVAP, Siemens and Technicatom. The project was awarded to INVAP that built the reactor. In recent years, AECL withdrew from this market, and Siemens and Technicatom activities were merged into Areva.

Classes of research reactors

Aqueous homogeneous reactor
Argonaut class reactor
DIDO class, six high-flux reactors worldwide
TRIGA, a highly successful class with >50 installations worldwide
SLOWPOKE reactor class, developed by AECL, Canada
OPAL reactor class, developed by INVAP, Argentina
Miniature neutron source reactor, based on the SLOWPOKE design, developed by AECL, currently exported by China
Aerojet General Nucleonics, 201 Models. Developed by Aerojet General in the United States. Three current reactors in operation at Idaho State University, The University of New Mexico, and Texas A&M University.

Research centers

A complete list can be found at the List of nuclear research reactors.

Research centers that operate a reactor:

Reactor Name	Country	City	Institution	Power Level	Operation Date
BR2 Reactor	Belgium	Mol	Belgian Nuclear Research Center SCK•CEN	100 MW
Budapest Research Reactor^[7]	Hungary	Budapest	Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre for Energy Research	5 MW^[7]	1959^[7]
Budapest University of Technology Training Reactor^[8]	Hungary	Budapest	Budapest University of Technology and Economics	100 kW	1969
ILL High-Flux Reactor	France	Grenoble	Institut Laue-Langevin	63 MW^[9]
RA-6	Argentina	Bariloche	Balseiro Institute / Bariloche Atomic Centre	1 MW^[10]	1982^[10]
ZED-2	Canada	Deep River, Ontario	AECL's Chalk River Laboratories	200 W^[11]	1960
McMaster Nuclear Reactor	Canada	Hamilton, Ontario	McMaster University	5 MW	1959
National Research Universal reactor	Canada	Deep River, Ontario	AECL's Chalk River Laboratories	135 MW	1957
Petten nuclear reactors	Netherlands	Petten	Dutch Nuclear Research and consultancy Group,^[12] EU Joint Research Centre	30 kW and 60MW	1960
ORPHEE	France	Saclay	Laboratoire Léon Brillouin	14 MW	1980
FRM II	Germany	Garching	Technical University of Munich	20 MW	2004
HOR	Netherlands	Delft	Reactor Institute Delft, Delft University of Technology	2 MW
Mainz	Germany	Mainz	Universität Mainz, Institut für Kernchemie	100 kW^[13]
TRIGA Mark II^[14]	Austria	Vienna	Technical University Vienna, TU Wien, Atominstitut	250 kW	1962^[14]
IRT-2000	Bulgaria	Sofia	Bulgarian Academy of Sciences research site	2 MW
OPAL	Australia	Lucas Heights, New South Wales	Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation	20 MW	2006
IEA-R1	Brazil	São Paulo	Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares	3.5 MW	1957
IRT-2000^[15]	Russia	Moscow	Moscow Engineering Physics Institute	2.5 MW^[15]	1967^[15]
SAFARI-1	South Africa	Pelindaba	South African Nuclear Energy Corporation	20 MW^[16]	1965^[16]
High-Flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor	South Korea	Daejeon	Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute	30 MW^[17]	1995^[17]
LVR-15	Czech Republic	Řež	Nuclear Research Institute	10 MW^[18]	1995^[18]
North Carolina State University Reactor Program	United States	Raleigh, North Carolina	North Carolina State University	1 MW^[19]	1953^[19]
High Flux Isotope Reactor	United States	Oak Ridge, Tennessee	Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Advanced Test Reactor	United States	Idaho	Idaho National Laboratory	250 MW^[20]
University of Missouri Research Reactor	United States	Columbia, Missouri	University of Missouri	10 MW	1966
Maryland University Training Reactor	United States	College Park, Maryland	University of Maryland	250 kW^[21]	1970^[21]
Washington State University Reactor	United States	Pullman, Washington	Washington State University	1 MW^[22]
CROCUS	Switzerland	Lausanne	École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne
Maria reactor	Poland	Świerk-Otwock	National Centre for Nuclear Research	30 MW	1974
TRIGA Mark I	United States	Irvine, California	University of California, Irvine
ITU TRIGA Mark-II Training and Research Reactor	Turkey	Istanbul	Istanbul Technical University
ETRR-1	Egypt	Inshas	Nuclear Research Center	2 MW	1961
ETRR-2	Egypt	Inshas	Nuclear Research Center	22 MW	1997
Ghana Research Reactor-1^[23]	Ghana	Accra	National Nuclear Research Institute of the Ghanan Atomic Energy Commission	30 kW

Decommissioned research reactors:

Reactor Name	Country	City	Institution	Power Level	Operation Date	Closure Date	Decommissioned
ASTRA	Austria	Seibersdorf	Austrian Institute of Technology	10 MW	1960	1999
BER II	Germany	Berlin	Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin	10 MW	1973	2019^[24]
CONSORT	United Kingdom	Ascot, Berkshire	Imperial College	100 kW
JASON reactor	United Kingdom	Greenwich	Royal Naval College	10 kW	1962	1996
MOATA	Australia	Lucas Heights	Australian Atomic Energy Commission	100 kW	1961	1995
High Flux Australian Reactor	Australia	Lucas Heights	Australian Atomic Energy Commission		1958	2007
HTGR (Pin-in-Block Design)	United Kingdom	Winfrith, Dorset	International Atomic Energy Agency	20MWt	1964	1976	July 2005^[25]
DIDO	United Kingdom	Harwell, Oxfordshire	Atomic Energy Research Establishment			1990
Nuclear Power Demonstration	Canada	Deep River, Ontario	AECL's Rolphton plant	20 MW	1961	1987
NRX	Canada	Deep River, Ontario	AECL's Chalk River Laboratories		1952	1992
PLUTO reactor	United Kingdom	Harwell, Oxfordshire	Atomic Energy Research Establishment	26 MW	1957	1990
Pool Test Reactor	Canada	Deep River, Ontario	AECL's Chalk River Laboratories	10 kW	1957	1990
WR-1	Canada Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Nuclear_research_reactor >Text je dostupný pod licencí Creative Commons Uveďte autora – Zachovejte licenci, případně za dalších podmínek. Podrobnosti naleznete na stránce Podmínky užití. čítajte viac o Nuclear_research_reactor Navigace: Nuclear research reactor > čítajte viac na tomto odkaze: Nuclear research reactor Příbuzné výrazy : Hladanie1. Nové výrazy v kategórii: Fusion reactor Neutron File:Quark structure neutron.svg Neutron temperature Neutron flux Neutron radiation Neutron transport Neutron cross section Neutron absorption Neutron activation Neutron scattering Neutron diffraction Small-angle neutron scattering Grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering Neutron reflectometry Inelastic neutron scattering Neutron triple-axis scattering Neutron time-of-flight scattering Neutron backscattering Neutron spin echo Neutron tomography Neutron activation analysis Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis Ultracold neutrons Neutron interferometer Fast neutron therapy Neutron capture therapy of cancer Neutron source Spallation Neutron moderator Neutron reflector Supermirror Neutron detection Neutron facilities High Flux Isotope Reactor Los Alamos Neutron Science Center Spallation Neutron Source Open-pool Australian lightwater reactor J-PARC High-Flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin FRM II Institut Laue–Langevin ISIS Neutron and Muon Source Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Paul Scherrer Institute#Spallation Neutron Source .28SINQ.29 Intense Pulsed Neutron Source European Spallation Source Template:Science with neutrons Template talk:Science with neutrons Special:EditPage/Template:Science with neutrons File:Crocus-p1020483.jpg CROCUS École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne Switzerland Nuclear fission Nuclear reactor Neutron source Nuclear power plant Nuclear marine propulsion Neutron Neutron scattering Materials testing reactor Radioisotope Beamline Spallation source Fission products Highly enriched uranium Uranium-235 Weapons grade Convection Neutron moderator International Atomic Energy Agency U.S. Department of Energy Low enriched uranium Atoms for Peace Spent Nuclear Fuel National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Neutron flux ANSTO Open-pool Australian lightwater reactor AECL INVAP Siemens AREVA Aqueous homogeneous reactor Argonaut class reactor DIDO (nuclear reactor) TRIGA SLOWPOKE reactor OPAL reactor Miniature neutron source reactor Neutron facilities List of nuclear research reactors Belgium Mol, Belgium SCK•CEN Hungary Budapest Hungary Budapest Budapest University of Technology France Grenoble Institut Laue-Langevin Argentina Bariloche Balseiro Institute Bariloche Atomic Centre ZED-2 Canada Deep River, Ontario AECL Chalk River Laboratories McMaster Nuclear Reactor Canada Hamilton, Ontario McMaster University National Research Universal Reactor Canada Deep River, Ontario AECL Chalk River Laboratories Petten nuclear reactor Netherlands Petten Joint Research Centre France Saclay FRM II Germany Garching Technische Universität München Netherlands Delft Reactor Institute Delft Delft University of Technology Germany Mainz TRIGA Austria Vienna Atominstitut Bulgaria Sofia Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Open-pool Australian lightwater reactor Australia Lucas Heights, New South Wales Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Brazil São Paulo Russia Moscow Moscow Engineering Physics Institute SAFARI-1 South Africa Pelindaba NECSA High-Flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor South Korea Daejeon Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Czech Republic Řež North Carolina State University reactor program United States Raleigh, North Carolina North Carolina State University High Flux Isotope Reactor United States Oak Ridge, Tennessee Oak Ridge National Laboratory Advanced Test Reactor United States Idaho Idaho National Laboratory University of Missouri Research Reactor Center United States Columbia, Missouri University of Missouri United States College Park, Maryland University of Maryland Washington State University Reactor United States Pullman, Washington Washington State University CROCUS Switzerland Lausanne École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne Maria reactor Poland Otwock TRIGA United States Irvine, California University of California, Irvine ITU TRIGA Mark-II Training and Research Reactor Turkey Istanbul Istanbul Technical University ETRR-1 Egypt Inshas ETRR-2 Egypt Inshas Ghana Research Reactor-1 Ghana Accra Ghana Atomic Energy Commission ASTRA (reactor) Austria Seibersdorf Austrian Institute of Technology Germany Berlin Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin United Kingdom Ascot, Berkshire Imperial College JASON reactor United Kingdom Greenwich Royal Naval College, Greenwich MOATA Australia High Flux Australian Reactor Australian Atomic Energy Commission HIFAR Australia High Flux Australian Reactor United Kingdom Winfrith Dorset International Atomic Energy Agency DIDO (nuclear reactor) United Kingdom Harwell, Oxfordshire Atomic Energy Research Establishment Nuclear Power Demonstration Canada Deep River, Ontario AECL Rolphton, Ontario NRX Canada Deep River, Ontario AECL Chalk River Laboratories PLUTO reactor United Kingdom Harwell, Oxfordshire Atomic Energy Research Establishment Pool Test Reactor Canada Deep River, Ontario AECL Chalk River Laboratories WR-1 Canada Research reactor Research reactor Research reactor Main Page Wikipedia:Contents Portal:Current events Special:Random Wikipedia:About Wikipedia:Contact us Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm source=donate&utm medium=sidebar&utm campaign=C13 en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en Help:Contents Help:Introduction Wikipedia:Community portal Special:RecentChanges Wikipedia:File upload wizard Main Page Special:Search Help:Introduction Special:MyContributions Special:MyTalk مفاعل نووي للأبحاث Изследователски реактор Forschungsreaktor Reactor de investigación رآکتور تحقیقاتی Réacteur nucléaire de recherche 연구용 원자로 Հետազոտական ռեակտորներ Reaktor penelitian Reaktor panalitian Onderzoeksreactor 研究用原子炉 Исследовательский реактор Tutkimusreaktori Forskningsreaktor Дослідницький реактор Special:EntityPage/Q1438105#sitelinks-wikipedia Research reactor Talk:Research reactor Research reactor Research reactor Special:WhatLinksHere/Research reactor Special:RecentChangesLinked/Research reactor Wikipedia:File Upload Wizard 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