A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
Danube | |
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Native name | |
Location | |
Countries |
|
Cities | |
Physical characteristics | |
Source | Breg |
• location | Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, Germany |
• coordinates | 48°05′44″N 08°09′18″E / 48.09556°N 8.15500°E |
• elevation | 1,078 m (3,537 ft) |
2nd source | Brigach |
• location | St. Georgen im Schwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, Germany |
• coordinates | 48°06′24″N 08°16′51″E / 48.10667°N 8.28083°E |
• elevation | 940 m (3,080 ft) |
Source confluence | |
• location | Donaueschingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany |
• coordinates | 47°57′03″N 08°31′13″E / 47.95083°N 8.52028°E |
Mouth | Danube Delta |
• location | Romania |
• coordinates | 45°13′3″N 29°45′41″E / 45.21750°N 29.76139°ECoordinates: 45°13′3″N 29°45′41″E / 45.21750°N 29.76139°E |
Length | 2,850 km (1,770 mi)[1] |
Basin size | 801,463 km2 (309,447 sq mi) |
Width | |
• minimum | Middle Danube (Iron Gates) 150 m (490 ft); Lower Danube (Brăila) 400 m (1,300 ft)[2] |
• average | Upper Danube 300 m (980 ft); Middle Danube 400 m (1,300 ft) to 800 m (2,600 ft); Lower Danube 900 m (3,000 ft) to 1,000 m (3,300 ft)[3][2][4] |
• maximum | Middle Danube 1,500 m (4,900 ft); Lower Danube 1,700 m (5,600 ft)[4][2] |
Depth | |
• minimum | 1 m (3 ft 3 in) (Upper Danube)[4] |
• average | Upper Danube 8 m (26 ft); Middle Danube 6 m (20 ft) to 10 m (33 ft), 53 m (174 ft) (Iron Gates); Lower Danube 9 m (30 ft)[3][2][4][5] |
• maximum | Middle Danube (Iron Gates) 90 m (300 ft); Lower Danube 34 m (112 ft)[2] |
Discharge | |
• location | Before the Danube Delta |
• average | (Period: 1931–2010) 6,510 m3/s (230,000 cu ft/s)[6]
(Period: 1970–2015) 6,546 m3/s (231,200 cu ft/s)[7] (Period: 1840–2006) 6,471 m3/s (228,500 cu ft/s)[3] (Period: 2000–2020) 6,464.9 m3/s (228,310 cu ft/s)[4] |
• minimum | 1,790 m3/s (63,000 cu ft/s)[6] |
• maximum | 15,900 m3/s (560,000 cu ft/s)[6] |
Discharge | |
• location | Passau, Bavaria, Germany 30 km (19 mi) before town |
• average | 580 m3/s (20,000 cu ft/s) |
Discharge | |
• location | Vienna, Austria |
• average | 1,900 m3/s (67,000 cu ft/s) |
Discharge | |
• location | Budapest, Hungary |
• average | 2,350 m3/s (83,000 cu ft/s) |
Discharge | |
• location | Belgrade, Serbia |
• average | 5,600 m3/s (200,000 cu ft/s) |
Danube summary route map | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Note: Distances are in kilometers, rounded to the nearest kilometer. Waterway distances are shown, not towpath distances. Country capitals are shown in bold. |
The Danube (/ˈdæn.juːb/ DAN-yoob; known by various names in other languages) is a river that was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire and today connects 10 European countries, running through their territories or being a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for 2,850 km (1,770 mi), passing through or bordering Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine before draining into the Black Sea. Its drainage basin extends into nine more countries. The largest cities on the river are Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade and Bratislava, all of which are the capitals of their respective countries. With those four capital cities listed, the Danube flows through more capital cities than any other river in the world.[8] Five more capital cities lie in the Danube's basin: Bucharest, Sofia, Zagreb, Ljubljana and Sarajevo. The fourth-largest city in its basin is Munich, the capital of Bavaria, standing on the Isar River.
The Danube is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia. It flows through much of Central and Southeastern Europe, from the Black Forest into the Black Sea. Its longest headstream Breg rises in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, while the river carries its name from its source confluence in Donaueschingen onwards.
Since ancient times, the Danube has been a traditional trade route in Europe. Today, 2,415 km (1,501 mi) of its total length are navigable. The Danube is linked to the North Sea via the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, connecting the Danube at Kelheim with the Main at Bamberg. The river is also an important source of hydropower and drinking water. Many European borders, especially in the Balkans, are also drawn by the Danube's stream. There are more countries along its flow than on any other river (10; the Nile is second with 9).
The Danube river basin is home to fish species such as pike, zander, huchen, Wels catfish, burbot and tench. It is also home to a large diversity of carp and sturgeon, as well as salmon and trout. A few species of euryhaline fish, such as European seabass, mullet, and eel, inhabit the Danube Delta and the lower portion of the river.
Names and etymology
Other names
The river was known to the ancient Greeks as the Istros (Ἴστρος)[9] a borrowing from a Daco-Thracian name meaning 'strong, swift', from a root possibly also encountered in the ancient name of the Dniester (Danaster in Latin, Tiras in Greek) and akin to Iranic turos 'swift' and Sanskrit iṣiras (इषिरस्) 'swift', from the PIE *isro-, *sreu 'to flow'.[10] In the Middle Ages, the Greek Tiras was borrowed into Italian as Tyrlo and into Turkic languages as Tyrla; the latter was further borrowed into Romanian as a regionalism (Turlă).[10]
The Thraco-Phrygian name was Matoas,[11] "the bringer of luck".[12]
The Middle Mongolian name for the Danube was transliterated as Tho-na in 1829 by Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat.[13]
The modern languages spoken in the Danube basin all use names related to Dānuvius: German: Donau (IPA: (listen)); Romanian: Dunărea (IPA: ; via German);[14] Bavarian: Doana; Silesian: Dōnaj; Upper Sorbian: Dunaj; Czech: Dunaj (IPA: ); Slovak: Dunaj (IPA: ); Polish: Dunaj (IPA: (listen)); Hungarian: Duna (IPA: (listen)); Slovene: Donava (IPA: ); Serbo-Croatian: Dunav / Дунав (IPA: ); Bulgarian: Дунав, romanized: Dunav (IPA: ); Russian: Дунай, romanized: Dunaj (IPA: ); Ukrainian: Дунай, romanized: Dunaj (IPA: ); Greek: Δούναβης (IPA: ); Italian: Danubio (IPA: ); Spanish: Danubio; (IPA: ); Turkish: Tuna; Romansh: Danubi; Albanian: Tunë, definite Albanian form: Tuna.[15]
Etymology
Danube is an Old European river name derived from the Celtic 'danu' or 'don'[16] (both Celtic gods), which itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European *dānu. Other European river names from the same root include the Dunaj, Dzvina/Daugava, Don, Donets, Dnieper, Dniestr, Dysna and Tana/Deatnu. In Rigvedic Sanskrit, dānu (दनु) means "fluid, dewdrop" and dānuja (दनु-ज) means "born from dānu" or "born from dew-drops". In Avestan, the same word means "river". The Finnish word for Danube is Tonava, which is most likely derived from the name of the river in German, Donau. Its Sámi name Deatnu means "Great River". It is possible that dānu in Scythian as in Avestan was a generic word for "river": Dnieper and Dniestr, from Danapris and Danastius, are presumed to continue Scythian *dānu apara "far river" and *dānu nazdya- "near river", respectively.[17]
In Latin, the Danube was variously known as Danubius, Danuvius, Ister[18] or Hister. The Latin name is masculine, as are all its Slavic names, except Slovene (the name of the Rhine is also masculine in Latin, most of the Slavic languages, as well as in German). The German Donau (Early Modern German Donaw, Tonaw,[19] Middle High German Tuonowe)[20] is feminine, as it has been re-interpreted as containing the suffix -ouwe "wetland".
Romanian differs from other surrounding languages in designating the river with a feminine term, Dunărea (IPA: ).[10] This form was not inherited from Latin, although Romanian is a Romance language.[14] To explain the loss of the Latin name, scholars who suppose that Romanian developed near the large river propose[14] that the Romanian name descends from a hypothetical Thracian *Donaris. The Proto-Indo-European root of this presumed name is related to the Iranic word "don-"/"dan-", while the supposed suffix -aris is encountered in the ancient name of the Ialomița River, Naparis, and in the unidentified Miliare river mentioned by Jordanes in his Getica.[10] Gábor Vékony says that this hypothesis is not plausible, because the Greeks borrowed the Istros form from the native Thracians.[14] He proposes that the Romanian name is a loanword from a Turkic language (Cuman or Pecheneg).[14]
Geography
Classified as an international waterway, it originates in the town of Donaueschingen, in the Black Forest of Germany, at the confluence of the rivers Brigach and Breg. The Danube then flows southeast for about 2,730 km (1,700 mi), passing through four capital cities (Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest, and Belgrade) before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and Ukraine.
Once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire, the river passes through or touches the borders of 10 countries: Romania (29.0% of basin area), Hungary (11.6%), Serbia (10.2%), Austria (10.0%), Germany (7.0%), Bulgaria (5.9%), Slovakia (5.9%), Croatia (4.4%), Ukraine (3.8%), and Moldova (1.6%).[21] Its drainage basin extends into nine more (ten if Kosovo is included).
Drainage basin
In addition to the bordering countries (see above), the drainage basin includes parts of nine more countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina (4.6% of the basin area), the Czech Republic (2.9%), Slovenia (2.0%), Montenegro (0.9%), Switzerland (0.2%), Italy (<0.15%), Poland (<0.1%), North Macedonia (<0.1%) and Albania (<0.1%).[21] The total drainage basin is 801,463 km2 (309,447 sq mi) in area,[22][23] and is home to 83 million people.[24] The highest point of the drainage basin is the summit of Piz Bernina at the Italy–Switzerland border, at 4,049 m (13,284 ft).[25] The Danube River Basin is divided into three main parts, separated by "gates" where the river is forced to cut through mountainous sections:[24]
- Upper Basin, from the headwaters to the Devín Gate.
- Middle Basin, usually called the Pannonian basin or Carpathian Basin, between the Devín Gate and the Iron Gates. It includes the Hungarian plains Kisalföld and Alföld.
- Lower Basin, from the Iron Gates to the river mouth, including the Danube Delta.
Discharge
Mean annual discharge on the hydrological stations (period from 2000 to 2020); 1 - Reni, Isaccea; 2 - Silistra; 3 - Pristol; 4 - Batina, Bezdan; 5 - Nagymaros, Szob; 6 - Bratislava, Wolfsthal; 7 - Untergriesbach[4]
Year | Mean annual discharge (m3/s) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
2000 | 6,580.6 | 6,198.1 | 5,585.9 | 2,669.4 | 2,627.2 | 2,337.9 | 1,667.2 |
2001 | 6,304.3 | 5,919.4 | 5,421.8 | 2,432.5 | 2,382.3 | 2,231.3 | 1,627.6 |
2002 | 6,837.1 | 6,100.1 | 5,392 | 2,824.9 | 2,855.6 | 2,683 | 1,803.9 |
2003 | 5,021 | 4,571 | 3,825 | 1,786 | 1,722 | 1,647 | 1,153 |
2004 | 6,524 | 6,088 | 5,233 | 2,025 | 2,013 | 1,852 | 1,213 |
2005 | 8,711 | 7,659 | 6,396 | 2,329 | 2,115 | 1,359 | |
2006 | 8,428 | 7,370 | 6,616 | 2,503 | 2,186 | 1,396 | |
2007 | 5,626 | 5,195 | 4,512 | 2,182 | 2,136 | 1,916 | 1,287 |
2008 | 5,909 | 5,358 | 4,736 | 2,163 | 2,079 | 1,876 | 1,339 |
2009 | 6,492 | 5,990 | 5,412 | 2,607 | 2,441 | 2,186 | 1,433 |
2010 | 9,598 | 8,515 | 7,424 | 2,879 | 2,615 | 2,130 | 1,420 |
2011 | 5,303 | ||||||
2012 | 5,053 | ||||||
2013 | 7,164 | 6,558 | 5,946 | 2,863 | 2,684 | 2,417 | 1,671 |
2014 | 7,446 | 6 901 | 5,756 | 2,198 | 2,036 | 1,788 | 1,237 |
2015 | 6,138 | 5,722 | 4,971 | 2,030 | 1,903 | 1,629 | 1,240 |
2016 | 6,465 | 5,993 | 5,339 | 2,261 | 2,196 | 1,944 | 1,412 |
2017 | 5,202 | 4,813 | 4,270 | 2,143 | 2,041 | 1,844 | 1,307 |
2018 | 6,487.8 | 5,875.5 | 4,891 | 1,906.3 | 1,808.1 | 1,644.1 | 1,227.8 |
2019 | 5,579 | 5,168 | 4,593 | 2,253 | 2,114 | 1,962 | 1,446 |
2020 | 4,893.5 |
Multiannual average, minimum and maximum discharge (water period from 1876 to 2010)[26]
Station | Discharge (m3/s) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Min | Mean | Max | |
Ceatal Izmail | 1,889 | 6,489 | 14,673 |
Reni, Isaccea | 1,805 | 6,564 | 14,820 |
Zimnicea, Svishtov | 1,411 | 6,018 | 14,510 |
Orșova | 1,672 | 5,572 | 13,324 |
Veliko Gradište | 1,461 | 5,550 | 14,152 |
Pančevo | 1,454 | 5,310 | 13,080 |
Bogojevo | 959 | 2,889 | 8,153 |
Bezdan, Batina | 749 | 2,353
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