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This is a timeline of space exploration which includes notable achievements, first accomplishments and milestones in humanity's exploration of outer space.

This timeline generally does not distinguish achievements by a specific country or private company, as it considers humanity as a whole. See otherwise the timeline of private spaceflight or look for achievements by each space agency.

Pre-20th century

Date	Event leading to space exploration	Country	Researcher(s)	Ref(s).
1610	First telescopic observation of the night sky: discovery of the Galilean moons, lunar craters and the phases of Venus.	Venice	Galileo Galilei
1668	First reflecting telescope.	England	Isaac Newton
1781	First telescopic discovery of planet (Uranus).	Great Britain	William Herschel
1801	First discovery of asteroid (Ceres).	Sicily	Giuseppe Piazzi
1813	First exposition of the rocket equation based on Newton's third law of motion: Treatise on the Motion of Rockets.	UK	William Moore
1840	First clear telescopic photograph of another world: the Moon.	United States	John William Draper
1845	First proper observation of other galaxies which are termed "whirlpool nebulae".	UK	William Parsons
1861	A Journey Through Space makes first proposal of using rockets for space flight.	UK	William Leitch
1895	First proposal of space elevator.	Russia	Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

1900–1956

Date	Mission success	Country	Mission name	Ref(s).
1903	Publication of Exploration of the Universe with Rocket-Propelled Vehicles[1] that showed physical space exploration was theoretically possible, including the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation, multi staged rockets and using liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen in liquid propellant	Russia	Konstantin Tsiolkovsky	[2]
1914	Goddard files for and is subsequently awarded U.S. patents on multistage and liquid-fueled rockets.	United States	Robert H. Goddard
1917	First observation of an extrasolar planet (exoplanet) round Van Maanen 2 although it is not recognised as such at the time.	Netherlands	Adriaan van Maanen
1919	Goddard's widely influential paper "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes" discussed solid- and liquid-fueled rocketry.	United States	Robert H. Goddard
15 December 1923	Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen ("By Rocket into Planetary Space") self-published after its rejection as a doctoral thesis.	Germany	Hermann Oberth
1924	Society for Studies of Interplanetary Travel founded.	USSR	Members include Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Friedrich Zander, Yuri Kondratyuk
16 March 1926	Goddard launches the first liquid-fueled rocket.	United States	Robert H. Goddard
1927	Verein für Raumschiffahrt (Society for Space Travel) formed; it includes many top European rocket scientists.	Germany
1927	Завоевание межпланетных пространств (The Conquest of Interplanetary Space) discusses rocket mechanics and orbital effects including the gravitational slingshot.	USSR	Yuri Kondratyuk
1928	Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums – der Raketen-Motor (The Problem of Space Travel – The Rocket Motor) discusses space travel and its potential uses for scientific experiments.	Germany	Herman Potočnik
January 1933	British Interplanetary Society founded.	UK	Philip E. Cleator
April 1933	First detection of radio waves from an astronomical object.	United States	Karl Jansky
September 1933	Establishment of the Soviet rocket research lab Reactive Scientific Research Institute (RNII) by combining the Group for the Study of Reactive Motion (GIRD) with the Gas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL).	USSR	Key people Sergei Korolev & Valentin Glushko	[3]
20 June 1944	First spaceflight in history. First man-made object in space (later defined as above the Kármán line).	Germany (Wehrmacht)	V-2 rocket (MW 18014)
October 1945	Article in Wireless World, "Extra-Terrestrial Relays — Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?" makes first discussion of geostationary satellites as a means of communication.	UK	Arthur C. Clarke
10 May 1946	First space research flight (cosmic radiation experiments).	United States	captured and improved V-2 rocket
24 October 1946	First pictures of Earth from 105 km (65 mi).	United States	V-2	[4][5]
20 February 1947	First animals in space (fruit flies).	United States	V-2	[4][6]
24 February 1949	First two-stage liquid-fueled rocket, that sets a record altitude of 244 miles (393 km) (WAC Corporal missile mounted onto a V-2 rocket).	United States	Bumper-5
14 June 1949	First mammal in space (Albert II, a rhesus monkey). First primate in space.	United States	V-2
20 September 1956	First rocket to pass the thermopause and enter the exosphere. At 682 miles (1,098 km) altitude and 3,335 miles range, the 3-stage Jupiter-C breaks both records and achieves MACH 18 velocity.	United States	Jupiter-C	[7][8]

1957–1959

Date	Mission achievements	Country/organization	Mission name	Ref(s).
4 October 1957	First artificial satellite. First man-made signals from space.	USSR	Sputnik 1
3 November 1957	First mammal in orbit, the dog Laika.	USSR	Sputnik 2
31 January 1958	Confirmed existence of the Van Allen radiation belt.	USA (ABMA)	Explorer 1
17 March 1958	First use of solar power in space. The oldest artificial object still in space.	USA (NRL)	Vanguard 1
4 January 1959	First rocket to reach Earth escape velocity. First spacecraft to attempt to impact the Moon's surface. First artificial object in heliocentric orbit. First detection of solar wind.	USSR	Luna 1
17 February 1959	First weather satellite.	USA (NRL)	Vanguard 2
7 August 1959	First photograph of Earth from Earth orbit.	USA (NASA)	Explorer 6
13 September 1959	First spacecraft to impact another celestial body (the Moon). First delivery of national pennants to a celestial body.	USSR	Luna 2
4 October 1959	First photos of another world from space: the far side of the Moon. First gravity assist.	USSR	Luna 3

1960–1969

Date	Mission success	Country/organization	Mission name	Ref(s).
March 1960	First solar probe.	USA (NASA)	Pioneer 5
19 August 1960	First plants and animals to return alive from Earth orbit.	USSR	Sputnik 5
25 September 1960	First rocket engine fired in space.	USA (NASA)	Pioneer P-30	[9]
31 January 1961	First hominidae in space (chimpanzee Ham). First tasks performed in space.	USA (NASA)	M-R 2
12 February 1961	First launch from Earth orbit of upper stage into a heliocentric orbit. First mid-course corrections. First spin-stabilisation.	USSR	Venera 1
12 April 1961	First human spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin). First human-crewed orbital flight.	USSR	Vostok 1	[10][11]
5 May 1961	First human-piloted space flight (Alan Shepard). First human-crewed suborbital flight.	USA	Freedom 7
19 May 1961	First planetary flyby (within 100,000 km of Venus – no data returned).	USSR	Venera 1
6 August 1961	First crewed space flight lasting over twenty four hours by Gherman Titov, who is also the first to suffer from space sickness.	USSR	Vostok 2
7 March 1962	First orbital solar observatory.	USA (NASA)	OSO-1
26 April 1962	First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon.	USA (NASA)	Ranger 4	[12]
11 August 1962	First dual crewed spaceflight. First communication between two crewed space vehicles in orbit. First person to float freely in microgravity.	USSR	Vostok 3 and Vostok 4
18 August 1962	First auroral research rocket launched into the ionosphere.	Norway	Ferdinand 1
November 1962	First Mars flyby (11,000 km) but contact was lost.	USSR	Mars 1
14 December 1962	First planetary flyby with data returned (Venus). First successful planetary science mission.	USA (NASA)	Mariner 2	[13]
16 June 1963	First woman in space (Valentina Tereshkova).	USSR	Vostok 6
19 July 1963	First reusable crewed spacecraft (suborbital).	USA (NASA)	X-15 Flight 90
12 October 1964	First multi-person crew (3) in orbit.	USSR	Voskhod 1
18 March 1965	First space walk/extra-vehicular activity (Alexei Leonov).	USSR	Voskhod 2
March 1965	First crewed spacecraft to change orbit.	USA (NASA)	Gemini 3
14 July 1965	First flyby of Mars (returned pictures).	USA (NASA)	Mariner 4	[14]
14 July 1965	First photographs of another planet from deep space (Mars).	USA (NASA)	Mariner 4	[14]
15 December 1965	First orbital rendezvous (parallel flight, no docking).	USA (NASA)	Gemini 6A/Gemini 7
3 February 1966	First soft landing on another world (the Moon). First photos from another world.	USSR	Luna 9	[15]
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