Consonantal sound
Voiced postalveolar affricate IPA Number 104 135 Entity (decimal) d͡ʒUnicode (hex) U+0064 U+0361 U+0292 X-SAMPA dZ or d_rZ
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The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate , voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages . The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʤ ⟩), or in some broad transcriptions ⟨ɟ ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is dZ. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ⟨ǰ⟩ , ⟨ǧ⟩ , ⟨ǯ⟩ , and ⟨dž⟩ . It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ in j ump
Features Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate , which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence .
Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar palatalized ) postalveolar , which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge , and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate .
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant , which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant , which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic , which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles , as in most sounds. Occurrence
Language
Word
IPA Meaning
Notes
Abkhaz аџыр/ajër 'steel'
See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe дж анэ/jánaⓘ 'dress'
Albanian xh am'glass'
Amharic እንጀ ራ/ûnjera 'injera '
Arabic Modern Standard [1] جَـ رَس/jaras'bell'
In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [ɡ ] or [ʒ ] . See Arabic phonology
Hejazi
جـ ـيب/jēb'pocket'
Pronounced [ʒ ] by some speakers. See Hejazi Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern [2] ջ ուր/jur'water'
Western ճ անճ /janj'musca (fly) '
Assyrian ܓ̰ ܝܪܐ j yara'to pee'
Used in native terminology. Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. [ɟ ] is used in other varieties.
Azerbaijani c an'soul'
Bengali জ ল/jol'water'
Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian дж удж е/džudže'dwarf'
See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan jutg e 'judge'
See Catalan phonology
Chechen дж ервоjyerwo 'previously married woman'
Chinese Quzhou dialect 重 / z on'heavy'
Coptic ϫ ⲉ/je'that'
Czech džbán 'jug'
See Czech phonology
Dhivehi
ޖަ ރާސީމުjarásímu
'germs'
See Dhivehi phonology
Dutch j eansd͡ʒiːns
'jeans'
Some say ʒiːns
English j eansˈd͡ʒiːnz
'jeans'
See English phonology
Esperanto manĝ aĵo manˈd͡ʒaʒo̞ 'food'
See Esperanto phonology
Estonian
dž ässˈd̥ʒæsː
'jazz'
Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Estonian phonology
Finnish
dž onkkiˈdʒo̞ŋkːi
'junk (ship) '
Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology
French adj onction ad͡ʒɔ̃ksjɔ̃ 'addition'
Rare. See French phonology
Georgian [3] ჯ იბე/jibed͡ʒibɛ 'pocket'
German Standard [4] Dsch ungelˈd͡ʒʊŋəl 'jungle'
Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[4] /t͡ʃ/ . See Standard German phonology
Goemai [example needed d͡ʒaːn 'twins'
Hebrew Standard
ג׳ וק/j ukd͡ʒuk 'cockroach'
Only used in loanwords. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Temani גָּ דוֹל/j aďold͡ʒaðol 'big, great'
Yemenite Hebrew pronunciation of gimel with dageš . See Yemenite Hebrew
Hindustani
Hindi जा ना/jánád͡ʒäːnäː 'to go'
Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu
جـ انا/jáná
Hungarian lándzs a laːnd͡ʒɒ 'spear'
Rare, mostly in loanwords. See Hungarian phonology
Indonesian
j arakˈd͡ʒaraʔ 'distance'
Italian [5] g emmaˈd͡ʒɛmma 'gem'
dʒ occurs when letter 'G' is before front vowels e , i and ɛ , while when 'G' is in front of vowels o , a , u and ɔ the phoneme changes to a voiced velar plosive .
Kabyle lǧ iran id͡ʒiræn 'the neighbors'
Kashubian [6] [example needed
Kurdish Northern c îgerd͡ʒiːˈɡɛɾ 'lung'
See Kurdish phonology
Central
جـ ـەرگd͡ʒɛɾg
'liver'
Southern
d͡ʒæɾg
Kyrgyz ж аманcaman d͡ʒaman 'bad'
See Kyrgyz phonology
Ladino djudyó/גﬞודיו d͡ʒudˈjo 'Jew'
Latvian dadž i dad͡ʒi 'thistles'
See Latvian phonology
Limburgish Hasselt dialect[7]
dj ènd͡ʒɛːn² 'Eugene'
See Hasselt dialect phonology
Lithuanian dž iaugsmingasd͡ʒɛʊɡʲsʲˈmʲɪnɡɐs 'gladsome'
See Lithuanian phonology
Macedonian џ емпер/džemperˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr 'sweater'
See Macedonian phonology
Malay j ahatd͡ʒahat 'evil'
Maltese ġ abrad͡ʒab.ra 'collection'
Manchu ᠵ ᡠᠸᡝ/juwed͡ʒuwe 'two'
Marathi ज य/jayd͡ʒəj 'victory'
Contrasts with the aspirated form. Allophone dʑ and d̪z . See Marathi phonology
Occitan Languedocien j oveˈd͡ʒuβe 'young'
See Occitan phonology
Provençal ˈd͡ʒuve
Odia ଜ ମିd͡ʒɔmi 'land'
Contrasts with aspirated form.See Odia phonology
Ojibwe iij ikiwenh iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ 'brother'
See Ojibwe phonology
Pashto جـ ـګ/jegd͡ʒeɡ 'high'
Persian کـجـ ا/koja kod͡ʒɒ 'where'
See Persian phonology
Polish Standard
licz ba ˈlid͡ʐ.ba 'number'
Gmina Istebna dzi wnyˈd͡ʒivn̪ɘ 'strange'
/ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ merge into d͡ʒ in these dialects. In standard Polish, /d͡ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate .
Lubawa dialect [8]
Malbork dialect [8]
Ostróda dialect [8]
Warmia dialect [8]
Portuguese Most Brazilian dialects[9]
grand e ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒ(i) 'big'
Allophone of /d / before /i, ĩ/ (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of i (e.g. epenthesis ), marginal sound otherwise.
Most dialects
j ambalayad͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ 'jambalaya '
In free variation with /ʒ / in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian g erˈd͡ʒɛ̝r 'frost'
See Romanian phonology
Sardinian Campidanese g éneruˈd͡ʒɛneru 'son-in-law'
Scottish Gaelic D iad͡ʒia 'God'
See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian Some speakers
џ емdž emd͡ʒê̞m 'jam'
May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Bosnian ђ авоđ avod͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː 'devil'
Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʑ/ , either to d͡ʒ or laminal [ɖ͡ʐ ] .
Croatian
Silesian Gmina Istebna [10] [example needed These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into d͡ʒ .
Jablunkov [10] [example needed
Slovene
enač ba eˈnáːd͡ʒbà
'equation'
Allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before voiced obstruents in native words. As a phoneme present only in loanwords. See Slovene phonology
Somali j oogd͡ʒoːɡ 'stop'
See Somali phonology
Tagalog diy and͡ʒän 'there'
Used to pronounce the multigraphs ⟨dy⟩ and ⟨diy⟩ in native words and ⟨j⟩ in loanwords outside Spanish. For more information, see Tagalog phonology .
Tatar
Mishar Dialect [11] c an / җ анd͡ʒɑn
'soul'
In standard Tatar (Kazan dialect), the sound for letter c (җ) is ⟨ʑ ⟩.
Turkish ac ı äˈd͡ʒɯ 'pain'
See Turkish phonology
Turkmen j ard͡ʒär 'ravine'
Tyap j emd͡ʒem 'hippopotamus'
Ubykh amd͡ʒan '?'
See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian дж ерело/džerelod͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ 'source'
See Ukrainian phonology
Uyghur c ozaجوزا d͡ʒozɑ 'desk'
See Uyghur phonology
Uzbek j ahon/cahanж аҳонd͡ʒaˈhɒn 'world'
West Frisian siedzj e ˈʃɪd͡ʒə 'to sow'
See West Frisian phonology
Yiddish דזש וכע/juched͡ʒʊxə 'insect'
See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec Tilquiapan [13] dx and͡ʒaŋ 'god'
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate edit Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
Its manner of articulation is affricate , which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its place of articulation is postalveolar , which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant , which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant , which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic , which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles , as in most sounds. Occurrence edit
References edit
Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 34 (2): 227–232, doi :10.1017/S0025100304001756 Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) First published 2012, Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9 Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English ISBN 9781444183092 Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian ISBN 9783929075083 Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski , Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie , ISBN 83-7384-063-X Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie , Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-2140989-X Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian , Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company Mangold, Max (2005) First published 1962, Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7 Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF) , Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 38 (1): 107–114, doi :10.1017/S0025100308003344 Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 36 (1): 117–124, doi :10.1017/S0025100306002428 Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 34 (1): 117–121, doi :10.1017/S0025100304001628 Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF) , Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 36 (2): 255–264, doi :10.1017/S0025100306002659 Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic , New York: Oxford University Press Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
External links edit
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