A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
 | |
| Continent | Europe |
|---|---|
| Region | Central Europe |
| Coordinates | 51°00′N 10°00′E / 51.00°N 10.00°E |
| Area | Ranked 63rd |
| • Total | 357,021 km2 (137,847 sq mi) |
| • Land | 97.66% |
| • Water | 2.34% |
| Coastline | 2,389 km (1,484 mi) |
| Borders | 3,714 km (2,307 mi) Border lengths included
|
| Highest point | Zugspitze, 2,962.06 m (9,718 ft) |
| Lowest point | −3.54 m (−11.61 ft) [1] |
| Longest river | Rhine, 1,230 km (764 mi) |
| Largest lake | Lake Constance 536 km2 (207 sq mi)[2] |
| Climate | temperate |
| Terrain | lowlands in north; uplands in center; Alps in south |
| Natural resources | coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land |
| Natural hazards | flooding and earthquake in Rhineland-Palatinate, North Rhine-Westphalia and Baden-Württemberg. landslide |
| Exclusive economic zone | 57,485 km2 (22,195 sq mi) |
.svg)
Germany (German: Deutschland) is a country in Central and Western Europe[3] that stretches from the Alps, across the North European Plain to the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. It is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and is seventh-largest country by area in the continent. The area of Germany ranked 63rd and covers 357,021 km2 (137,847 sq mi), consisting of 349,223 km2 (134,836 sq mi) of land and 7,798 km2 (3,011 sq mi) of waters, smaller than Japan but larger than Republic of the Congo.
Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2,962 metres (9,718 ft)) in the south to the shores of the North Sea (Nordsee) in the northwest and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) in the northeast. Between lie the forested uplands of central Germany and the low-lying lands of northern Germany (lowest point: Neuendorf-Sachsenbande at 3.54 metres (11.6 ft) below sea level), traversed by some of Europe's major rivers such as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe.[4]
Germany has the second-most borders of any European country, after Russia. It shares borders with nine countries: Denmark in the north, Poland and the Czech Republic in the east, Switzerland (its only non-EU neighbor) and Austria in the south, France in the southwest and Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands in the west. Germany also shares a maritime border with Sweden in the north and the United Kingdom in the northwest.
Area
Germany is in Central Europe, bordering Denmark in the north, Poland and the Czech Republic in the east, Austria and Switzerland in the south, France and Luxembourg in the south-west, and Belgium and the Netherlands in the north-west. It lies mostly between latitudes 47° and 55° N (the tip of Sylt is just north of 55°), and longitudes 5° and 16° E. The territory covers 357,021 km2 (137,847 sq mi), consisting of 349,223 km2 (134,836 sq mi) of land and 7,798 km2 (3,011 sq mi) of water. It is the seventh largest country by area in Europe and the 63rd largest in the world.[4]
Extreme points
- Northernmost point: List, Sylt, Schleswig-Holstein 55°03′N 8°24′E / 55.050°N 8.400°E
- Northernmost point in mainland Germany: Rodenäs, Schleswig-Holstein 54°54′N 8°49′E / 54.900°N 8.817°E
- Southernmost point: Haldenwanger Eck, Oberstdorf, Bavaria 47°16′12.39″N 10°10′41.95″E / 47.2701083°N 10.1783194°E
- Westernmost point: Isenbruch, Selfkant, North Rhine-Westphalia 51°3′N 5°52′E / 51.050°N 5.867°E
- Easternmost point: Deschka, Neißeaue, Saxony 51°16′N 15°2′E / 51.267°N 15.033°E
- Lowest point (human-made): Tagebau Hambach 293 m (961 ft) below sea level, Niederzier, North Rhine-Westphalia, 50°54′39″N 6°30′10″E / 50.91083°N 6.50278°E
- Lowest point (natural): Neuendorf-Sachsenbande, Wilstermarsch, Schleswig-Holstein 3.54 m (11.6 ft) below sea level[5] 53°57′48″N 9°19′5″E / 53.96333°N 9.31806°E
- Highest point: Zugspitze, in the Bavarian Alps, 2,962 m (9,718 ft), Garmisch-Partenkirchen / Grainau, Bavaria 47°25′N 10°59′E / 47.417°N 10.983°E
- Highest settlement: Feldberg, Baden-Württemberg, in the Black Forest, 1,277 m (4,190 ft)
Maritime claims
- Continental shelf: 200 m (660 ft) depth or to the depth of exploitation.
- Exclusive economic zone: 57,485 km2 (22,195 sq mi) with 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi). The exact EEZ is due to conventions with neighbouring states.
- Territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)
Physical geography
The northern third of the country lies in the North European Plain, with flat terrain crossed by northward-flowing watercourses (Elbe, Ems, Weser, Oder). Wetlands and marshy conditions are found close to the Dutch border and along the Frisian coast. Sandy Mecklenburg in the northeast has many glacier-formed lakes dating to the last glacial period.
Moving south, central Germany features rough and somewhat patternless hilly and mountainous countryside, some of it formed by ancient volcanic activity. The Rhine valley cuts through the western part of this region. The central uplands continue east and north as far as the Saale and merge with the Ore Mountains on the border with the Czech Republic. Upland regions include the Eifel, Hunsrück and Palatine Forest west of the Rhine, the Taunus hills north of Frankfurt, the Vogelsberg massif, the Rhön, and the Thuringian Forest. South of Berlin, the east-central part of the country is more like the low northern areas, with sandy soil and river wetlands such as the Spreewald region.
Southern Germany's landforms are defined by various linear hill and mountain ranges like the two adjacent ranges of the Swabian and Franconian Alb (reaching approximately from the source of the Danube in the southwest of Baden-Württemberg, south of Stuttgart, across Swabia into Central Franconia and to the valley of the river Main) and the Bavarian Forest along the border between Bavaria and the Czech Republic. The Alps on the southern border are the highest mountains, but relatively little Alpine terrain lies within Germany (in southeastern Swabia and Upper Bavaria) compared to Switzerland and Austria. The Black Forest, on the southwestern border with France, separates the Rhine from the headwaters of the Danube on its eastern slopes.
Climate
The north–south difference in Germany, between 55°03"N (at List on Sylt) and 47°16"N (around Oberstdorf, Bavaria) equals almost eight degrees of latitude (or 889 km), which can be seen especially during summer in the differences between the average temperatures. Besides that, there is a strong west–east cline in temperature. This is explained by the northwestern Germany's flat and open landscapes and its proximity to the sea, and South's higher terrain, larger distance from the sea, and the Alps. These mountains prevent much of the usually warmer Mediterranean air blowing into southern Germany. To the north of the Alps and the Carpathians, the local climate becomes colder, even at the same latitude and altitude. This is caused by some areas being further away from the Atlantic Ocean's Gulf Stream, known for having a warm current for its latitude, in addition to being closer to Russia's and Siberia's extremely cold winter winds. Even if Siberian winter winds are not dominating, when they do hit Germany, temperatures can in extreme cases fall to -20 C in the mountains and below during the nights, and this has an effect on the average temperatures of November to March. Although rare, when such cold air reaches Germany, the North-Eastern parts become mainly affected, while the Southwest receives few cold days in general. The Gulf Stream results in the coast having the mildest nights in the winter, almost never freezing.
The warmest area in Germany is the area bordering France, west of the Schwarzwald hills, roughly between Mannheim to the north and the Swiss border to the south. The coldest area (except for mountain peaks) is found in the southeastern parts of eastern Germany around Dresden and Görlitz up to Berlin.
Germany's climate is temperate and marine in the west and humid continental in the east. It has cool winters in the west and cold winters in the east. It has moderate rainfall year-round and is mostly overcast from November to February. Summers are warm, more so in the south. The north and centre of Germany lies fully in the temperate climatic zone in which humid westerly winds predominate. In the northwest and the north, the climate is oceanic. Winters there are cool and summers warm. In the east, the climate shows clear continental features; winters are cold and summers warm. Dry periods are often recorded.
In the centre and the south, there is a transitional climate between oceanic or continental. Winters are cool and summers warm, though maximum temperatures can exceed 30 °C (86 °F) for several days in a row during heat waves.
The warmest regions of Germany are in the southwest (see Rhine Rift Valley, German Wine Route and Palatinate). Summers are hot with many days up to 40 °C (104 °F). Sometimes, minimum temperatures do not drop below 20 °C (68 °F), which is relatively rare in other regions, except the North Sea coast and western city climates.[6][7]
The recorded extremes are a maximum of 41.2 °C (106.2 °F) (July 2019, Duisburg-Bearl & Tönisvorst),[citation needed] and a minimum of −37.8 °C (−36.0 °F) (February 1929, in Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm).[8]
Examples
| Climate data for Berlin (Schönefeld), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1957–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.1 (59.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
25.8 (78.4) |
30.8 (87.4) |
32.7 (90.9) |
35.4 (95.7) |
37.3 (99.1) |
38.0 (100.4) |
32.3 (90.1) |
27.7 (81.9) |
20.4 (68.7) |
15.6 (60.1) |
38.0 (100.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) |
4.3 (39.7) |
8.7 (47.7) |
14.3 (57.7) |
19.4 (66.9) |
22.0 (71.6) |
24.6 (76.3) |
24.2 (75.6) |
19.3 (66.7) |
13.8 (56.8) |
7.3 (45.1) |
3.3 (37.9) |
13.7 (56.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) |
0.9 (33.6) |
4.3 (39.7) |
9.0 (48.2) |
14.0 (57.2) |
16.8 (62.2) |
19.1 (66.4) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.2 (57.6) |
9.4 (48.9) |
4.4 (39.9) |
1.0 (33.8) |
9.3 (48.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.8 (27.0) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
0.4 (32.7) |
3.5 (38.3) |
8.2 (46.8) |
11.2 (52.2) |
13.5 (56.3) |
13.0 (55.4) |
9.6 (49.3) |
5.4 (41.7) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
5.0 (41.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −25.3 (−13.5) |
−22.0 (−7.6) |
−16.0 (3.2) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
1.3 (34.3) |
4.9 (40.8) |
4.6 (40.3) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−24.0 (−11.2) |
−25.3 (−13.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 37.2 (1.46) |
30.1 (1.19) |
39.3 (1.55) |
33.7 (1.33) |
52.6 (2.07) |
60.2 (2.37) |
52.5 (2.07) |
53.0 (2.09) |
39.5 (1.56) |
32.2 (1.27) |
37.8 (1.49) |
46.1 (1.81) |
515.2 (20.28) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 57.6 | 71.5 | 119.4 | 191.2 | 229.6 | 230.0 | 232.4 | 217.3 | 162.3 | 114.7 | 54.9 | 46.9 | 1,727.6 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| Source: DWD[9] and Weather Atlas[10] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Hamburg-Fuhlsbuttel (Hamburg Airport), elevation: 15 m, 1981-2010 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.4 (57.9) |
17.2 (63.0) |
23.0 (73.4) |
29.7 (85.5) |
33.5 (92.3) |
34.6 (94.3) |
36.9 (98.4) |
37.3 (99.1) |
32.3 (90.1) |
26.1 (79.0) |
20.2 (68.4) |
15.7 (60.3) |
37.3 (99.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.5 (38.3) |
4.4 (39.9) |
8.0 (46.4) |
12.3 (54.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
19.9 (67.8) |
22.1 (71.8) |
22.2 (72.0) |
17.9 (64.2) |
13.0 (55.4) |
7.5 (45.5) |
4.6 (40.3) |
13.2 (55.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.0 (33.8) |
1.6 (34.9) |
4.6 (40.3) |
7.8 (46.0) |
12.5 (54.5) |
15.2 (59.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
17.4 (63.3) |
13.7 (56.7) |
9.5 (49.1) |
4.9 (40.8) |
2.3 (36.1) |
9.0 (48.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1.4 (29.5) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
1.1 (34.0) |
3.3 (37.9) |
7.4 (45.3) |
10.5 (50.9) |
12.7 (54.9) |
12.5 (54.5) |
9.6 (49.3) |
6.0 (42.8) |
2.4 (36.3) |
0.0 (32.0) |
6.2 (43.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −22.8 (−9.0) |
−29.1 (−20.4) |
−15.3 (4.5) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
0.6 (33.1) |
3.4 (38.1) |
1.8 (35.2) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−15.4 (4.3) |
−18.5 (−1.3) |
−29.1 (−20.4) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 67.8 (2.67) |
49.9 (1.96) |
67.7 (2.67) |
43.0 (1.69) |
57.4 (2.26) |
78.6 (3.09) |
76.7 (3.02) |
78.9 (3.11) |
67.4 (2.65) |
67.0 (2.64) |
69.2 (2.72) |
68.9 (2.71) |
792.6 (31.20) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.1 | 9.2 | 11.3 | 8.9 | 9.6 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 10.2 | 10.8 | 10.5 | 11.7 | 12.4 | 129.4 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 46.9 | 69.0 | 108.8 | 171.6 | 223.4
Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Wildlife_of_Germany >Text je dostupný pod licencí Creative Commons Uveďte autora – Zachovejte licenci, případně za dalších podmínek. Podrobnosti naleznete na stránce Podmínky užití. čítajte viac o Wildlife_of_Germany
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative
Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších
podmienok. | ||||||||
