This is a complete list of dukes and kings of Croatia (Croatian: knez, kralj) under domestic ethnic and elected dynasties during the Croatian Kingdom (925–1918). This article follows the monarch's title number according to Hungarian succession for convenience. For example, the Hungarian monarch Béla IV is according to Croatian succession correctly titled Béla III. This is because Hungarians had a king named Béla prior to the incorporation of Croatia under the Hungarian Crown but the Croats did not.

Early history

The details of the arrival of the Croats in the Balkans are sparsely documented by more or less reliable historical sources. Around late 6th and early 7th century, Croats migrated from White Croatia (around present-day Galicia). According to a legend recorded in the 10th-century De Administrando Imperio, the Croats came to their present region under the leadership of five brothers (called Kloukas, Lobelos, Kosentzis, Mouchlo, and Chrobatos) and of two sisters (called Touga and Bouga), and successfully fought and expelled the Pannonian Avars influence in the Roman province of Dalmatia.

It is theorized that one of the brothers, Chrobatos (Croatian: Hrvat) gave his name to the Croats (Croatian: Hrvati) as a whole, although mainstream historians dismiss this notion as not verifiable. The Croats started gradually converting to Christianity under the rule of Porga in the 7th century.

Early archons of Croats (7th century)

Dukes of Lower Pannonia (8th century–896)

The areas of modern-day Croatia located in the Pannonian plain had also been settled by Slavic tribes in the early Middle Ages, and history recorded some of their rulers.

Portrait	Name	Reign start	Reign end	Notes
	Vojnomir	c. 790	c. 810
Non-contemporary	Ljudevit	c. 810	c. 823
	Ratimir	c. 829	c. 838
	Braslav	c. 882	c. 896	Had for spouse Ventescela.[1]

Dukes of Croatia (8th century–925)

Slavic tribes known as the Croats settled to areas of present-day Croatia around the beginning of the 7th century, and their rulers started to be recorded in historical records in the late 8th century.

Portrait	Name	Reign start	Reign end	Notes
	Višeslav	c. 785	c. 802	Višeslav left behind a baptismal font, surviving to this day, which mentioned him being a duke (although duke of an unspecified region). Since the baptismal font was found in Nin, which was believed to be inhabited Croats at the time, Višeslav is considered by Croatian historiography as a Croatian duke.
Non-contemporary	Borna	c. 810	821	Possibly son of Višeslav. Vassal of Frankish Emperor Charlemagne. His titles were Duke of the Guduscani, Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia. Since Croats inhabited those areas at the time, he is considered a Croatian duke.
	Vladislav	821	c. 823	Nephew of Borna.
	Ljudemisl	c. 823	c. 835	Some sources claim he may have killed Ljudevit, the Pannonian duke.
	Mislav	c. 835	c. 845
House of Trpimirović
	Trpimir	c. 845	864	Founder of the Trpimirović dynasty
	Zdeslav	864	864	Son of Trpimir
House of Domagojević
	Domagoj	864	876	Overthrew Zdeslav.
	Iljko	876	878	Later killed during a civil war.
House of Trpimirović
	Zdeslav	878	879	Restored ruler, overthrew the unnamed son of Domagoj. Killed by Branimir in May 879.
House of Domagojević
	Branimir	879	c. 892	Had for spouse earliest known Croatian female ruler Maruša (Mariosa).[2]
House of Trpimirović
	Muncimir	892	910	Son of Trpimir. Also called Mutimir.
	Tomislav I	910	925

Kings of Croatia (925–1102)

In his letter from 925, Pope John X refers to Tomislav I of Trpimirović dynasty as Rex Chroatorum (King of the Croats). All Croatian rulers after Tomislav I held the title of King of Croatia. This is confirmed by epigraphic inscription mentioning the earliest known Croatian queen (regina) Domaslava dated to first half of 10th century.^[2][3]

Portrait	Name	Reign start	Reign end	Notes
House of Trpimirović
	Tomislav I	925	928	Possibly the son of Muncimir. After his death, civil wars weakened the state and some territory, including Bosnia, was lost. His title as rex (king) is based on two contemporary documents: a correspondence dated 925 where the Pope John X addresses him with the title Rex Croatorum (King of the Croats) a transcript from the First Church Council of Split where he is also referred to as rex He was also addressed as princeps (prince) and dux (duke) on other occasions. Nevertheless, in modern Croatia he is traditionally considered the first (and arguably the most famous) Croatian king.
	Trpimir II	928	935	Younger brother or son of Tomislav
	Krešimir I	935	945	Son of Trpimir II
	Miroslav	945	949	Son of Krešimir I
	Michael Krešimir II	949	969	Younger brother of Miroslav. Michael Krešimir ruled jointly with his wife Queen Helen of Zadar.[2] During their reign, the Croatian Kingdom regained previously lost territories, including Bosnia. Upon Michael Krešimir's death in 969, his wife ruled as regent for their underage son Stephen Držislav.
Non-contemporary	Helen of Zadar	969	976	Ruled as regent for her son Stephen Držislav from 969 until her death 8 October 976.
	Stephen Držislav	969	997	Son of Michael Krešimir and Queen Helen of Zadar. He received royal insigia as an act of recognition from the Byzantine Emperor and was crowned by the Archbishop of Split in Biograd in 988. Thomas the Archdeacon's Historia Salonitana names him as the first King of Croatia (rex), regardless, he is considered the first crowned Croatian king.[4]
	Svetoslav Suronja	997	1000	He was the oldest son of king Stephen Držislav, from whom he received the title of duke, and was designated as his successor. Dethroned by his brothers Krešimir III and Gojslav.
	Gojslav	1000	1020	Younger brother of Svetoslav Suronja. Co-ruled with Krešimir III.
	Krešimir III	1000	1030	Younger brother of Svetoslav Suronja. Ruled alone after the death of Gojslav in 1020
	Stephen I	1030	1058	Son of Krešimir III.
	Peter Krešimir IV the Great	1058	1074	Son of Stephen I. During his reign the Croatian Kingdom reached its peak. Near the end of his reign, having no sons, Peter Krešimir designated Demetrius Zvonimir as his heir.
	Demetrius Zvonimir	1075	1089	Cousin of Peter Krešimir IV. He received royal insigia as an act of recognition from the Holy See and was crowned at the Basilica of Saint Peter and Moses at Salona in 1075 or 1076. Married Princess Helen, daughter of King Béla I of Hungary (c. 1063).[2]
	Stephen II	1089	1090/91	Son of Gojslav II who was younger brother of King Peter Krešimir IV the Great. He was due to succeed Peter Krešimir IV but was sidelined by the people and clergy in 1075 who instead bestowed the title of king on Demetrius Zvonimir. He was the last member of the Trpimirović dynasty and last native king of Croatia to rule the entire medieval Croatian Kingdom.
House of Árpád
	Ladislaus I	1091	1095	After the death of King Demetrius Zvonimir in 1089, King Ladislaus I of Hungary (1077–1095) ruled in Slavonia. After the death of Stephen II, he conquered big part of Croatia and adopted the title King of Croatia in 1091. He set his nephew Álmos to rule as his proxy with the title of duke (1091–1095), but he was recognized only by the Hungarian nobility. He was a claimant to the throne due to the fact that his sister was married to the late Croatian king Zvonimir who died without an heir (son Radovan predeceased Zvonimir), however, kingship over all of Croatia would not be achieved until the reign of his successor Coloman.
House of Snačić
	Petar Snačić	1093/1095	1097	Petar Snačić, a Ban of Croatia, was elected to rule by the Croatian nobles, likewise before him his uncle Slavac who briefly appropriated the royal title. He assumed the throne amid deep tension throughout the Kingdom. He fought with Coloman of Hungary for control of Croatia and was killed at the Battle of Gvozd Mountain in 1097. Petar was the last native king of Croatia. From 1102 onwards, the Kings of Hungary were also Kings of Croatia, because of the political union of the two crowns.

Under the Hungarian Crown (1102–1527)

From 1102, the reigning King of Hungary was also the ruler of the Kingdom of Croatia in agreement with the Croatian nobles.^[5] Croatia was governed on his behalf by a viceroy (ban) and a parliament (sabor). In 1409 Ladislaus of Naples sold his rights to Dalmatia to Republic of Venice for 100,000 ducats.

Portrait	Name	Reign	Consort(s)	Notes
House of Árpád
	Koloman	1102 - 3 February 1116 (14 years)	Euphemia of Kiev	King of Hungary from 1095 and King of Croatia from 1102 until his death in 1116. Koloman, supported by Pannonian Croats, defeated an army of Croatian and Dalmatian nobles allied to Petar Snačić at the Battle of Gvozd Mountain. Recognized by a council (sabor) of Croatian nobles and crowned as King of Croatia in 1102.
	Stjepan II	3 February 1116 - 3 April 1131 (15 years)	A daughter of Robert I of Capua	Son of Koloman.
	Bela II the Blind	3 April 1131 - 13 February 1141 (9 years)	Helena of Serbia	Uncle of Stjepan II and Brother of Koloman.
	Gejza II	13 February 1141 - 31 May 1162 (21 years)	Euphrosyne of Kiev (m.1146)	Son of Bela II the Blind.
	Stjepan III	31 May 1162 - 4 March 1172 (9 years)	Agnes of Austria (m.1168)	Son of Gejza II. Rule contested from 1162 to 1163.
	Ladislav II	31 May 1162 - 14 January 1163 (7 months)	None	Rebel anti-king, younger brother of Gejza II. Son of Bela II.
	Stjepan IV	14 January 1163 - June 1163 (5 months)	Maria Komnene	Rebel anti-king, younger brother of Gejza II. Son of Bela II.
	Bela III	4 March 1172 - 13 April 1196 (24 years)	Agnes of Antioch (m.1172-d.1184) Margaret of France (m.1186)	Brother of Stjepan III. Son of Gejza II.
	Emerik	13 April 1196 - 30 November 1204 (8 years)	Constance of Aragon (m.1198)	Son of Bela III.
	Ladislav III	30 November 1204 - 7 May 1205 (6 months)	None	Son of Emerik. Crowned at age 4-5 and died six months later.
	Andrija II	7 May 1205 - 21 September 1235 (30 years)	Gertrude of Merania (d.1213) Yolanda of Courtenay (m.1215-d.1233) Beatrice of Este (m.1234)	Uncle of Ladislav III and son of Bela III. In 1222, he issued a Golden Bull, which established the rights of noblemen, including the right to disobey the king when he acted contrary to law.
	Bela IV	21 September 1235 - 3 May 1270 (34 years)	Maria Laskarina	Son of Andrija II. Ruled during First Mongol invasion (1241–1242). In 1242, he issued a Golden Bull which proclaimed Zagreb and Samobor a free royal city.
	Stjepan V	3 May 1270 - 6 August 1272 (2 years)	Elizabeth the Cuman	Son of Bela IV. Also Prince of Slavonia from 1246 to 1257.
	Ladislav IV the Cuman	6 August 1272 - 10 July 1290 (17 years)	Elizabeth of Sicily	Son of Stjepan V. He lived with the nomad Cuman tribes contrary to the wishes of the Catholic clergy and was thus excommunicated.
	Andrija III the Venetian	4 August 1290 - 14 January 1301 (10 years)	Fenenna of Kuyavia (d.1295) Agnes of Austria (m.1296)	First cousin once removed of Ladislav IV. Grandson of Andrija II. Rule contested by Carlo Martel and Carlo I.
House of Přemyslid
	Vjenceslav (Anti-king)	27 August 1301 - 9 October 1305 (4 years)	Viola of Teschen (m.1305)	Great-great-grandson of Bela IV. King of Bohemia. Rule contested by Carlo I. Reign was declared invalid by the Holy See.
House of Wittelsbach
	Otto (Anti-king)	9 October 1305 - May 1307 (1 year)	None	Grandson of Bela IV. Duke of Lower Bavaria. Rule contested by Carlo I.
House of Anjou
	Karlo Martel	1290 - 12 August 1295 (5 years)	Clemence of Austria (d.1293/1295)	Set up by Pope Nicholas IV and the ecclesiastical party as successor of his maternal uncle, the childless Ladislav IV the Cuman. His title as king was recognized by the Šubić and Kőszegi noble families. He was crowned in Croatia. Rule contested by Andrija III.
	Karlo I	14 January 1301 - 16 July 1342 (41 years)	Maria of Galicia (disputed) Maria of Bytom (m.1306-d.1317) Beatrice of Luxembourg (m.1318-d.1319) Elizabeth of Poland (m.1320)	Son of Carlo Martel. Also called Carlo Robert. Rule contested by Vjenceslav and Otto from 1301 until 1307.
	Ludovik I the Great	16 July 1342 - 11 September 1382 (40 years)	Margaret of Bohemia (d.1349) Elizabeth of Bosnia (m.1353)	Also King of Poland from 1370 to 1382.
	Marija	11 September 1382 - December 1385 (3 years, first reign) and 24 February 1386 - 17 May 1395 (9 years, second reign)	Žigmund (m.1385)	Married Žigmund (Sigismund) of Luxembourg, son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV; after he invaded Upper Hungary in 1385. After the assassination of Carlo II in 1386, Marija began her second reign as co-'king' with her husband Žigmund.
	Karlo II	31 December 1385 - 24 February 1386 (1 month)	Margaret of Durazzo	Also King of Naples. After Marija renounced the throne, Carlo II of Naples was crowned as King on 31 December 1385. He was wounded in an assassination attempt at the instigation of Mary's mother on 7 February 1386 and died on 24 February that same year.
	Ladislav V	1390-1414 (24 years)	Costanza Chiaramonte (ann.1392) Mary of Lusignan (m.1403-d.1404) Mary of Enghien (m.1406)	Son of Carlo II. He claimed the Crown of Hungary and Croatia since 1390 in opposition to Marija and Žigmund. Was crowned but only had control over Zadar.
House of Kotromanić
	Stjepan Tvrtko	1390-1391 (1 year)	Doroteja Bugarska (m.1374)	Tvrtko succeeded in conquering large parts of Slavonia, Dalmatia, and Croatia proper. In May 1390, the cities and the Dalmatian islands finally surrendered to Tvrtko, who then started calling himself "by the grace of God king of Rascia, Bosnia, Dalmatia, Croatia, and Pomorje". His realm now encompassed much of Slavonia, Dalmatia, and Croatia south of Velebit. Tvrtko's sudden death in 1391 prevented him from solidifying the Kotromanić hold on Croatian lands.
	Stjepan Dabiša	1391-1394 (4 years)	Jelena Gruba (m.1391)	In the first years of his reign, Dabiša successfully maintained the integrity of Tvrtko's Kingdom of Bosnia, which included not only Bosnia proper, but also Croatia proper, Dalmatia, Zachlumia, and Rascia. Dabiša submitted to Sigismund. He resigned Croatia and Dalmatia to the Hungarian king and, with the agreement of his vassals, recognized him as his feudal overlord as well as heir designate to the Bosnian throne.
House of Luxembourg
	Žigmund	31 March 1387 - 9 December 1437 (50 years)	Marija (d.1395) Barbara of Celje (m.1305)	Son of Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia Charles IV. Ruled jure uxoris until his wife Marija died in 1395. Was crowned King of Bohemia in 1419, and elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1433.
House of Habsburg
	Albert I	18 December 1437 - 27 October 1439 (1 year)	Elizabeth of Luxembourg	Son-in-law of Žigmund. He was also King of Bohemia and Germany from 1438 until his death in 1439. First Habsburg king.
House of Jagiellon
	Vladislav I	15 May 1440 - 10 November 1444 (4 years)	None	Also King of Poland from 1434 until his alleged death at the Battle of Varna. Rule contested by Ladislav V, the posthumous son of Albert I.
House of Habsburg
	Ladislav V the Posthumous	10 November 1444 - 23 November 1457 (13 years)	None	Son of Albert I. Born in 1440 after his father's death, spent most of his life in captivity. Rule contested by Vladislav I between 1440 and 1444. He had no children and was the last of the Albertinian line of the Habsburg dynasty.
House of Hunyadi
	Matija I	24 January 1458 - 6 April 1490 (32 years)	Catherine of Poděbrady (m.1463-d.1464) Beatrice of Naples (m.1475)	Elected by the nobles. He was son of John Hunyadi. Also King of Bohemia from 1469 until his death in 1490, a title he contested with Vladislav II.
House of Jagiellon
	Vladislav II	15 July 1490 - 13 May 1516 (25 years)	Beatrice of Naples (m.1490-ann.1500) Anne of Foix-Candale (m.1502-d.1506)	Also King of Bohemia from 1471 (contested with Matija I until 1490). The Hungarian nobles elected him king after his supporters defeated the son of Matija I who relinquished his claim to the Hungarian throne prior to that. Died in 1516.
	Ludovik II	13 May 1516 - 29 August 1526 (10 years)	Mary of Austria	Also King of Bohemia from 1516 until his death in 1526 at the Battle of Mohács. Last king not from the Habsburg dynasty.
House of Zápolya
	Ivan I (Anti-king)	10 November 1526 - 22 July 1540 (13 years)	Isabella Jagiellon (m.1539)	Claimed the throne with the support of Hungarian nobles, and later Suleiman the Magnificent. Rule contested with Ferdinand I. Ivan I made an agreement with Ferdinand I to recognize his right to reunite Hungary after Ivan I's death, but shortly after the birth of his son Ivan, and on his deathbed, Ivan I bequeathed his realm to his son.
	Ivan II (Anti-king)	13 September 1540 - 16 August 1570 (29 years)	None	Son of Ivan I. Elected by supporters of Ivan I as King of Hungary. Claim contested by Ferdinand I and Maximilian. Never crowned.

Under the Habsburg monarchy (1527–1918)

On 1 January 1527, the Croatian Parliament met in Cetin to elect Ferdinand I of Habsburg as the new King of Croatia. The Habsburg monarchy had annexed the lands of Dalmatia after the Napoleonic War of the First Coalition. The Kingdom of Dalmatia was a crown land of the Austrian Empire (1815–1867) and the Cisleithanian half of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918).

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