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Doctor John Witherspoon | |
Statue of John Witherspoon | |
Location | Intersection of 18th Street NW, Connecticut Avenue, and N Street NW, Washington, D.C. |
---|---|
Coordinates | 38°54′25.8″N 77°2′30.4″W / 38.907167°N 77.041778°W |
Built | 1909 |
Architect | William Couper (sculptor) Roman Bronze Works (founder) |
Part of | • American Revolution Statuary (78000256)[1] • Dupont Circle (85000238)[2] • L'Enfant Plan (97000332)[3] |
Significant dates | |
Designated CP | • July 14, 1978 (American Revolution Statuary) • February 6, 1985 (Dupont Circle) • April 24, 1997 (L'Enfant Plan) |
Designated DCIHS | March 3, 1979 |
Doctor John Witherspoon is a bronze sculpture and granite pedestal which depicts John Witherspoon, a Presbyterian minister, member of Congress, and signer of the Declaration of Independence. Born in Scotland, Witherspoon immigrated to the U.S. in the 1760s and later became president of the College of New Jersey (now known as Princeton University). He strongly supported the Thirteen Colonies in their fight to obtain freedom from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Witherspoon served in the Second Continental Congress and, after the American Revolutionary War ended, in the U.S. Congress. He was the only reverend who served in Congress at that time. In 1792, Witherspoon lost his eye sight after an infection and died two years later. It wasn't until over 100 years later that plans were made to erect a statue of Witherspoon in Washington, D.C.
Members of the Church of the Covenant (now known as National Presbyterian Church) and other Presbyterians formed the Witherspoon Memorial Association in 1907. After raising enough funds for the memorial, they lobbied members of Congress for permission to erect the memorial on public land. The joint resolution passed in 1908. By that time, sculptor William CouperJ had begun working on the statue. The following year the memorial was dedicated. Prominent attendees at the event included future president Woodrow Wilson, Vice President James S. Sherman, former Secretary of State John W. Foster, and British Ambassador James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce.
The memorial is located at the intersection of 18th Street NW, Connecticut Avenue, and N Street NW, in the Dupont Circle neighborhood. The statue is bronze and depicts Witherspoon holding a Bible. On one of the memorial's pedestal is a quote from Witherspoon. When the Church of the Covenant was razed in 1966, church members wanted the statue moved to its new location, but the government denied their request. The memorial is one of 14 American Revolution Statuary collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites. The memorial is also a contributing property to the Dupont Circle Historic District and the L'Enfant Plan.
History
Biography
John Witherspoon (1722–1794) was born in Scotland and immigrated to the Thirteen Colonies in the 1760s, at the urging of Benjamin Rush and Richard Stockton. Witherspoon was a Presbyterian and dedicated his life to helping the denomination. He served as president of the College of New Jersey, now known as Princeton University, from 1768 until his death.[4]
In 1794, Witherspoon became active in the movement for independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. During the American Revolution, Witherspoon was deeply involved to the cause. He led the movement to remove William Franklin, son of Benjamin Franklin, from office as the Colonial Governor of New Jersey. He served in the Second Continental Congress and signed the Declaration of Independence.[4]
He returned to the College of New Jersey after the American Revolutionary War had concluded, in order to restore the prestige of the college. He was an adamant supporter of the 1787 drafting of the U.S. Constitution. He played a large role in unifying various Presbyterian groups to become the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. Witherspoon served in the Second Continental Congress and U.S. Congress from June 1777 until November 1784, and was the only minister serving at the time.[4][5]
According to historian James Moore Goode, Witherspoon "was highly respected by his colleagues for his unfaltering devotion to independence and to the unifying of the colonies into one nation possessing a strong central government." Witherspoon lost his sight after an eye infection in 1792 and died two years later at his house, Tusculum.[4][5]
Artist
William Couper was commissioned to create the statue.[4] In addition to the Witherspoon statue, he sculpted the nearby Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Memorial. Other works Couper is known for include the statue of Joseph Bryan in Richmond, a bust of Charles Darwin for the American Museum of Natural History, Captain John Smith in Jamestown, and a statue of New York City Mayor Abram Hewitt.[6] He sculpted a statue of Flora for the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893 and the Pan-American Exposition in 1901.[5]
Memorial
Planning
![Witherspoon memorial in front of the Church of the Covenant in 1920](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Church_of_the_Covenant_-_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg/220px-Church_of_the_Covenant_-_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg)
In 1907, the Witherspoon Memorial Association (WMA) was formed to raise funds for a memorial to Witherspoon in Washington, D.C. At the time, there were no sculptures of signers of the Declaration of Independence in the nation's capital. Many public land lots throughout the city were being filled with statues and memorials, so members of the Church of the Covenant (later named the National Presbyterian Church) lobbied members of Congress to support the erection of the memorial to Witherspoon. After funding was raised by church members and members of the public, Congress passed the joint resolution on May 27, 1908, for the memorial's erection on public land.[7] Congress also agreed to provide the WMA with $4,000 for the statue's pedestal.[8]
Dedication
The dedication ceremony occurred on May 20, 1909. Amongst the attendees were former Secretary of State John W. Foster, Presbyterians from around the country, foreign diplomats, and around 200 descendants of Witherspoon. The unveiling was done by descendant Williams Banks Withers, a seven-year old. Before the unveiling took place, the dedication ceremony occurred inside the Church of the Covenant. The invocation was given by another descendant, Dr. Jere Witherspoon, a reverend from Richmond. The benediction was then given by descendant Reverence David A. Wood of Gettysburg.[9]
A speech was made by British Ambassador James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, who lived in the British Embassy across the street. Some thought it ironic that Witherspoon would be praised by a man who represented the country the U.S. defeated for independence. A fellow president of Princeton University and future U.S. president, Woodrow Wilson, then spoke about the life and contributions of Witherspoon. Vice President James S. Sherman then gave brief remarks followed by Commissioner MacFarland, secretary of the WMA, who presented the statue to Washingtonians.[9]
Later history
After the Church of the Covenant was razed in 1966, members of the church wanted the statue to be moved to its new location on Nebraska Avenue NW. Since the memorial is on federal land, church members were told it would require an Act of Congress to approve its relocation.[4] The church formed the Commission on Relocation of the John Witherspoon Statue to urge Congress to approve the relocation. Despite years of lobbying, government officials told the church the memorial is at a prominent site where many people can see it, thus denying their request.[4][10]
On July 14, 1978, a group of 14 American Revolution Statuary, including the Witherspoon memorial, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The following year on March 3, 1979, the group of statues was added to the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites.[11] When the boundaries of the Dupont Circle Historic District were expanded on February 6, 1985, it included the memorial as being a contributing property to the historic district.[12] On April 24, 1997, the memorial was listed as a contributing property to the L'Enfant Plan.[11]
Location and design
![Close-up look at the Witherspoon statue](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rev._John_Witherspoon.jpg/220px-Rev._John_Witherspoon.jpg)
The Witherspoon memorial is located on Reservation 150A, in a small plot of land at the intersection of 18th Street NW, Connecticut Avenue, and N Street NW, in the Dupont Circle neighborhood.[4][13] The memorial was originally near the façade of the Church of the Covenant. It was moved to a nearby triangular plot when the Church of the Covenant was razed in 1966.[14]
The bronze statue of Witherspoon, measuring approximately 8-feet (2.4 m) tall, stands on a 9-foot (2.7 m) pedestal made of Stoney Creek granite.[14] Witherspoon is depicted with colonial era clothing, including a long coat and vest. His right leg is further out than the rest of his body and his right hand is holding a copy of the Bible. His cloak is lying on a pedestal behind him. His hair is tucked behind his ears. The pedestal is a stepped stone base. There is a plaque on the south (front) and north sides of the memorial.[4][14]
The inscriptions on the memorial are the following:[14][15]
(base of statue, west side)
Wm Couper, New York
(base of statue, east side)
Roman Bronze works, NY
(south side}
1722
SCOTLAND
JOHN
WITHERSPOON
PRINCETON
1794
(west side)
SIGNER OF
THE
DECLARATION
OF INDEPENDENCE
(east side)
PRESBYTERIAN
MINISTER
(north side)
FOR MY OWN PART, OF PROPERTY
I HAVE SOME, OF REPUTATION MORE
THAT REPUTATION IS STAKED,
THAT PROPERTY IS PLEDGED ON
THE ISSUE OF THIS CONTEST AND
ALTHOUGH THESE GRAY HAIRS MUST
SOON DESCEND IN THE SEPUL-
CHRE, I WOULD INFINITELY RATHER
THAT THEY DESCEND THITHER BY
THE HAND OF THE EXECUTIONER
THAN DESERT AT THIS CRISIS THE
SACRED CAUSE OF MY COUNTRY
See also
- List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2
- National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
- Outdoor sculpture in Washington, D.C.
References
- ^ "National Register Information System – American Revolution Statuary (#78000256)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
- ^ "National Register Information System – Dupont Circle-First Boundary Increase (#85000238)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
- ^ "National Register Information System – L'Enfant Plan (#97000332)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Goode, James M. (1974). The outdoor sculpture of Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 104.
- ^ a b c Morrison, Jeffry H. (2003). John Witherspoon and the Founding of the American Republic. University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 9780268087227. Archived from the original on 2023-12-29. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
- ^ The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. James T. White & Company. 1907. p. 58. Archived from the original on 2023-12-29. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
- ^ Presbyterian Historical Society (1999). Journal of the Department of History, Presbyterian Historical Society. Department of History of the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. p. 201. Archived from the original on 2023-12-29. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
- ^ Scott, Gary (October 3, 1977). "National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form - American Revolution Statuary". National Park Service. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
- ^ a b "Statue is Dedicated". The Evening Star. May 20, 1909. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
- ^ "Hearings, Reports and Prints of the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs". U.S. Government Printing Office. 1975. pp. 21–23. Archived from the original on December 29, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
- ^ a b "District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites" (PDF). District of Columbia Office of Planning - Historic Preservation Office. September 30, 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
- ^ "Dupont Circle Historic District (Boundary Increase)". National Park Service. February 6, 1985. Archived from the original on May 10, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
- ^ Leach, Sara Amy; Barthold, Elizabeth (July 20, 1994). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form - L'Enfant Plan of the City of Washington, District of Columbia" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d "Doctor John Witherspoon, (sculpture)". Smithsonian Institution Archives of American Art. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
- ^ "John Witherspoon Memorial". National Park Service. Archived from the original on December 29, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
External links
Media related to John Witherspoon statue (Washington, D.C.) at Wikimedia Commons
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Contributing property
District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites
File:John Witherspoon statue DC.JPG
18th Street NW
Connecticut Avenue
Washington, D.C.
William Couper (sculptor)
Roman Bronze Works
American Revolution Statuary
Dupont Circle
L'Enfant Plan
John Witherspoon
Presbyterianism
United States Congress
Declaration of Independence
Scotland
Princeton University
Thirteen Colonies
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Second Continental Congress
American Revolutionary War
Washington, D.C.
National Presbyterian Church
Joint resolution
William Couper (sculptor)
Woodrow Wilson
James S. Sherman
John W. Foster
James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce
18th Street NW
Connecticut Avenue
Dupont Circle
Bible
American Revolution Statuary
National Register of Historic Places
District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites
Contributing property
Dupont Circle Historic District
L'Enfant Plan
John Witherspoon
Scotland
Thirteen Colonies
Benjamin Rush
Richard Stockton (Continental Congressman)
Presbyterianism
Princeton University
Kingdom of Great Britain
American Revolution
William Franklin
Benjamin Franklin
List of colonial governors of New Jersey
Second Continental Congress
Declaration of Independence
American Revolutionary War
Constitution of the United States
Presbyterian Church in the United States of America
United States Congress
James Moore Goode
Tusculum (Princeton, New Jersey)
William Couper (sculptor)
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Memorial
Statue of Joseph Bryan
Charles Darwin
American Museum of Natural History
John Smith (explorer)
Abram Hewitt
Flora (mythology)
World's Columbian Exposition
Pan-American Exposition
File:Church of the Covenant - Washington, D.C..jpg
National Presbyterian Church
Joint resolution
John W. Foster
James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce
Princeton University
Woodrow Wilson
James S. Sherman
Act of Congress
American Revolution Statuary
National Register of Historic Places
District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites
Dupont Circle Historic District
Contributing property
Historic districts in the United States
L'Enfant Plan
File:Rev. John Witherspoon.jpg
18th Street NW
Connecticut Avenue
Dupont Circle
Bible
List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2
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Outdoor sculpture in Washington, D.C.
National Register of Historic Places
National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places
National Park Service
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List of public art in Washington, D.C.
Dante Alighieri (Ximenes)
Francis Asbury (Lukeman)
Statue of Atatürk (Sheridan Circle)
Statue of Atatürk (Turkish Embassy, Washington)
Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial
Statue of William Blackstone
James Buchanan Memorial
Statue of John Carroll
Statue of Winston Churchill (Washington, D.C.)
Daguerre Memorial
Albert Einstein Memorial
Robert Emmet (Connor)
John Ericsson Memorial
Statue of Albert Gallatin
Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Washington, D.C.)
James A. Garfield Monument
James Cardinal Gibbons Memorial Statue
Kahlil Gibran Memorial Garden (Washington, D.C.)
Statue of Josh Gibson
Samuel Gompers Memorial
Saint Mother Théodore Guérin (Clark)
Samuel Hahnemann Monument
Statue of Alexander Hamilton (Washington, D.C.)
Statue of Joseph Henry
Statue of Isabella I of Castile
Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.)
Jefferson Memorial
Equestrian statue of Joan of Arc (Washington, D.C.)
Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
Bust of Vasil Levski
Statue of Abraham Lincoln (District of Columbia City Hall)
Emancipation Memorial
Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Memorial
Luther Monument (Washington, D.C.)
Statue of Nelson Mandela (Washington, D.C.)
Guglielmo Marconi (Piccirilli)
Chief Justice John Marshall
Crown Princess Märtha
Statue of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (Washington, D.C.)
George Mason Memorial
Peter Muhlenberg Memorial
Bust of Bernardo O'Higgins (Washington, D.C.)
John J. Pershing General of the Armies
Saint Martin de Porres (sculpture)
Statue of Alexander Pushkin (Washington, D.C.)
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial
Theodore Roosevelt Island
Bust of Alberto Santos-Dumont
Statue of Olive Risley Seward
Statue of Alexander Robey Shepherd
Taras Shevchenko Memorial
Statue of Soh Jaipil
Robert A. Taft Memorial
Statue of Eleftherios Venizelos
George Washington (Fairbanks)
George Washington (Houdon)
George Washington on Horseback
George Washington (Greenough)
Daniel Webster Memorial
American Revolution Statuary
Statue of John Barry
Edmund Burke (Thomas)
Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Washington, D.C.)
Equestrian statue of Nathanael Greene
Statue of Nathan Hale (Washington, D.C.)
John Paul Jones Memorial
Statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Washington, D.C.)
Statue of the Marquis de Lafayette (Washington, D.C.)
Equestrian statue of Casimir Pulaski
Major General Comte Jean de Rochambeau
Statue of Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
Statue of Artemas Ward
Equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)
Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C.
Statue of David Farragut (Washington, D.C.)
Ulysses S. Grant Memorial
Equestrian statue of Winfield Scott Hancock
Equestrian statue of John A. Logan
Equestrian statue of George B. McClellan
Equestrian statue of James B. McPherson
George Gordon Meade Memorial
Albert Pike Memorial
Statue of John Aaron Rawlins
Equestrian statue of Winfield Scott
Equestrian statue of Philip Sheridan (Washington, D.C.)
General William Tecumseh Sherman Monument
Stephenson Grand Army of the Republic Memorial
Equestrian statue of George Henry Thomas
Statues of the Liberators
Statue of José Gervasio Artigas (Washington, D.C.)
Equestrian statue of Simón Bolívar (Washington, D.C.)
Equestrian statue of Bernardo de Gálvez
Statue of Benito Juárez (Washington, D.C.)
General Jose de San Martin Memorial
Armenian Earthquake (Sogoyan)
Ashes to Answers
Boy Scout Memorial
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal commemorative obelisk
Cuban Friendship Urn
Andrew Jackson Downing Urn
The Founders of the Daughters of the American Revolution
Holodomor Genocide Memorial
Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac
National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
Titanic Memorial (Washington, D.C.)
Victims of Communism Memorial
Washington Monument
American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial
District of Columbia War Memorial
First Division Monument
Stephenson Grand Army of the Republic Memorial
Korean War Veterans Memorial
Navy – Merchant Marine Memorial
Nuns of the Battlefield
Peace Monument
Second Division Memorial
United States Navy Memorial
The Homecoming (statue)
The Lone Sailor
Vietnam Veterans Memorial
Three Soldiers (statue)
Vietnam Women's Memorial
World War II Memorial
Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II
Ad Astra (Lippold sculpture)
Allow Me
Always Becoming
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The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace
Ascension (Wercollier)
Australian Seal
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The Bex Eagle
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Build-Grow
Carry the Rainbow on Your Shoulders
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Trigadilly
Les Trois Grâces
Two Men Reading
Uncle Beazley
Acacia Griffins
American Legion Soldier
Apotheosis of Democracy
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Columbus Doors
Darth Vader grotesque
Statue of Freedom
Government Printing Office Workers
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Man Controlling Trade
Progress of Civilization Pediment
Revolutionary War Door
George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door
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The Progress of Railroading
Students Aspire
Bartholdi Fountain
Butt–Millet Memorial Fountain
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