Timeline of Jewish history - Wiki slovník

This is a list of notable events in the development of Jewish history. All dates are given according to the Common Era, not the Hebrew calendar.

Ancient Israel and Judah

c. 1312 BCE (?*): Moses and the Exodus from Egypt
c. 1250 BCE–c. 1025 BCE: Biblical judges lead the people
c. 1025 BCE–c. 1010 BCE: King Saul
c. 1010 BCE–c. 970 BCE: King David
c. 970 BCE–c. 931 BCE: King Solomon
c. 960 BCE: Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem completed

c. 931 BCE: Split between Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) and the Kingdom of Judah
c. 931 BCE–c. 913 BCE: King Rehoboam of Judah
c. 931 BCE–c. 910 BCE: King Jeroboam of Israel
840 BCE: Mesha inscription describes Moabite victory over a son of King Omri of Israel.
c. 740 BCE–c. 700 BCE: prophecy of Isaiah
c. 740 BCE–c. 722 BCE: Kingdom of Israel falls to Neo-Assyrian Empire
c. 715 BCE–c. 687 BCE: King Hezekiah of Judah
c. 649 BCE–c. 609 BCE: King Josiah of Judah institutes major reforms
c. 626 BCЕ – c. 587 BCE: prophecy of Jeremiah
c. 600 BCЕ: Ketef Hinnom scrolls
597 BCE: first deportation to Babylon
586 BCE: Jerusalem falls to Nebuchadnezzar and Solomon's Temple destroyed

Second Temple period

Main articles: Second Temple period, Yehud (Persian province), Maccabean Revolt, Hasmonean dynasty, Herodian kingdom, and Jewish-Roman Wars

539 BCE: Jews allowed to Return to Zion, by permission of Cyrus.

520 BCE: Prophecy of Zechariah
c. 520 BCE: Zerubbabel leads the first group of Jews from captivity back to Jerusalem
516 BCE: Second Temple consecrated
c. 475 BCE: Often associated with Xerxes I of Persia,^[1]^[2] Queen Esther revealed her identity to the king and began to plead for her people, pointing to Haman as the evil schemer plotting to destroy them.
c. 460 BCE: Seeing anarchy breaking out in Judea, Xerxes' successor Persian King Artaxerxes sent Ezra to restore order.

332 BCE: Alexander the Great conquers Phoenicia and Gaza.

332 BCE?: According to Josephus, Alexander visits Judea and seeks out the high priest Jaddus. He shows Alexander the prophecy of Alexander's own life and conquests found in the Book of Daniel. This story is considered apocryphal and created centuries later, perhaps in the early Hasmonean period, though.^[3]

167–140 BCE: The Maccabean Revolt against the Greek Syrian Seleucid Empire, led by Judas Maccabeus, resulting in victory and installation of the Hanukkah holiday.

150 BCE–100 CE: At some point during this era the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) is finalized and canonized. Jewish religious works that were explicitly written after the time of Ezra were not canonized, although many became popular among many groups of Jews. Later works that were included in the Greek translation of the Bible (the Septuagint) become known as the deuterocanonical books.

140–63 BCE: The Hasmonean dynasty rules Judea. The Hasmonean kingdom expands outward to Idumea, Samaria, Perea, Galilee, and Gilead due to weakness and dissolution within the Seleucid Empire.

63 BCE: Pompey lay siege to and entered the Temple, Judea became a client kingdom of Rome.

40 BCE–4 BCE: Herod the Great appointed King of the Jews by the Roman Senate, replacing the Hasmonean dynasty with the Herodian dynasty.

1st century CE

6–4 BCE: Jesus of Nazareth was born in Bethlehem, Herodian Kingdom.

6 CE: Province of Roman Judea created by merging Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea.

10 CE: Hillel the Elder, considered the greatest Torah sage, dies, leading to the dominance of Shammai till 30 CE, see also Hillel and Shammai.

26–36 CE: Sanhedrin trial of Jesus, Roman trial of Jesus, and the crucifixion of Jesus.

30 CE: Helena of Adiabene, a vassal Parthian kingdom in Mesopotamia, converts to Judaism. Significant numbers of Adiabene population follow her, later also providing limited support for Jews during Jewish-Roman wars. In the following centuries the community mostly converts to Christianity.

30–70 CE: Schism within Judaism during the Second Temple period. A sect within Hellenised Jewish society starts Jewish Christianity, see also Rejection of Jesus.

66–70: The First Jewish–Roman War ended with destruction of the Second Temple and the fall of Jerusalem. 1,100,000 people are killed by the Romans during the siege, and 97,000 captured and enslaved.^{[citation needed]}^[4] The Sanhedrin was relocated to Yavne by Yochanan ben Zakai, see also Council of Jamnia. Fiscus Judaicus levied on all Jews of the Roman Empire whether they aided the revolt or not.

70–200: Period of the Tannaim, rabbis who organized and elucidated the Oral Torah. The decisions of the Tannaim are contained in the Mishnah, Beraita, Tosefta, and various Midrash compilations.^[5]

73: Final events of the First Jewish–Roman War – the fall of Masada. Christianity starts off as a Jewish sect and then develops its own texts and ideology and branches off from Judaism to become a distinct religion.

Talmudic period (70–640 CE)

2nd century

115–117: Kitos War (Revolt against Trajan) – a second Jewish-Roman War initiated in large Jewish communities of Cyprus, Cyrene (modern Libya), Aegipta (modern Egypt) and Mesopotamia (modern Syria and Iraq). It led to mutual killing of hundreds of thousands Jews, Greeks and Romans, ending with a total defeat of Jewish rebels and complete extermination of Jews in Cyprus and Cyrene by the newly installed Emperor Hadrian.

131–136: The Roman emperor Hadrian, among other provocations, renames Jerusalem "Aelia Capitolina" and prohibits circumcision. Simon bar Kokhba (Bar Kosiba) leads a large Jewish revolt against Rome in response to Hadrian's actions. In the aftermath, most Jewish population is annihilated (about 580,000 killed) and Hadrian renames the province of Judea to Syria Palaestina, and attempts to root out Judaism.

136: Rabbi Akiva is martyred.

138: With Emperor Hadrian's death, the persecution of Jews within the Roman Empire is eased and Jews are allowed to visit Jerusalem on Tisha B'av. In the following centuries the Jewish center moves to Galilee.

3rd century

200: The Mishnah, the standardization of the Jewish oral law as it stands today, is redacted by Judah haNasi in the land of Israel.

259: Nehardea in Babylonia destroyed by the Palmyrenes, which destruction caused the widespread dispersion of Jews in the region.^[6]

220–500: Period of the Amoraim, the rabbis of the Talmud.

4th century

315–337: Roman Emperor Constantine I enacts new restrictive legislation. Conversion of Christians to Judaism is outlawed, congregations for religious services are curtailed, but Jews are also allowed to enter Jerusalem on the anniversary of the Temple's destruction.

351–352: Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus is put down. Sepphoris is razed to the ground.

358: Because of the increasing danger of Roman persecution, Hillel II creates a mathematical calendar for calculating the Jewish month. After adopting the calendar, the Sanhedrin in Tiberias is dissolved.

361–363: The last pagan Roman Emperor, Julian, allows the Jews to return to "holy Jerusalem which you have for many years longed to see rebuilt" and to rebuild the Second Temple. Shortly after, the Emperor is assassinated, and the plan is dissolved.

363: Galilee earthquake of 363

379: In India, the Hindu king Sira Primal, also known as Iru Brahman, issued what was engraved on a tablet of brass, his permission to Jews to live freely, build synagogue, own property without conditions attached and as long as the world and moon exist.^[7]^[8]

5th century

438: The Empress Eudocia removes the ban on Jews' praying at the Temple site and the heads of the Community in Galilee issue a call "to the great and mighty people of the Jews": "Know that the end of the exile of our people has come"!

450: Redaction of the Jerusalem Talmud

6th century

500–523: Yosef Dhu Nuwas, King of Himyarite Kingdom (Modern Yemen) converting to Judaism, upgrading existing Yemenese Jewish center. His kingdom falls in a war against Axum and the Christians.

550: The main redaction of Babylonian Talmud is completed under Rabbis Ravina and Ashi. To a lesser degree, the text continues to be modified for the next 200 years.

550–700: Period of the Savoraim, the sages in Persia who put the Talmud in its final form.

555–572: The Fourth Samaritan Revolt against Byzantium results in great reduction of the Samaritan community, their Israelite faith is outlawed. Neighbouring Jews, who mostly reside in Galilee, are also affected by the oppressive rule of the Byzantines.

7th century

610–628: Jews of Galilee led by Benjamin of Tiberias gain autonomy in Jerusalem after revolting against Heraclius as a joint military campaign with ally Sassanid Empire under Khosrau II and Jewish militias from Persia, but are subsequently massacred.

612: Sisebut, king of the Visigoths, forces his Jewish subjects to convert to Christianity.^[9]

7th century: The rise and domination of Islam among largely pagan Arabs in the Arabian Peninsula results in the almost complete removal and conversion of the ancient Jewish communities there, and sack of Levant from the hands of Byzantines.

Middle Ages

8th century

700–1250: Period of the Gaonim (the Gaonic era). Jews in southern Europe and Asia Minor lived under the often intolerant rule of Christian kings and clerics. Most Jews lived in the Muslim Arab realm (Andalusia, North Africa, Palestine, Iraq and Yemen). Despite sporadic periods of persecution, Jewish communal and cultural life flowered in this period. The universally recognized centers of Jewish life were in Jerusalem and Tiberias (Syria), Sura and Pumbeditha (Iraq). The heads of these law schools were the Gaonim, who were consulted on matters of law by Jews throughout the world. During this time, the Niqqud is invented in Tiberias.

711: Muslim armies invade and occupy most of Spain (At this time Jews made up about 8% of Spain's population). Under Christian rule, Jews had been subject to frequent and intense persecution, which was formalized under Muslim rule due to the dhimmi rules in Islam. Jews and Christians had to pay the jizya. Some sources mark this as the beginning of the Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain, although most mention 912.

740: The Khazar (a Turkic semi-nomadic people from Central Asia) King and members of the upper class adopt Judaism. The Khazarate lasts until 10th century, being overrun by the Rus, and finally conquered by Rus and Byzantine forces in 1016.

760: The Karaites reject the authority of the oral law, and split off from rabbinic Judaism.

9th century

807: Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid orders all Jews in the Caliphate to wear a yellow belt, with Christians to wear a blue one.

846: In Sura, Iraq, Rav Amram Gaon compiles his siddur (Jewish prayer book.)

850: al-Mutawakkil made a decree ordering dhimmi Jews and Christians to wear garments distinguishing them from Muslims, their places of worship to be destroyed, and allowing them little involvement in government or official matters.

871: An incomplete marriage contract dated to October 6 of this year is the earliest dated document found in the papers of the Cairo Geniza.

10th century

912–1013: The Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain. Abd-ar-Rahman III becomes Caliph of Spain in 912, ushering in the height of tolerance. Muslims granted Jews and Christians exemptions from military service, the right to their own courts of law, and a guarantee of safety of their property. Jewish poets, scholars, scientists, statesmen and philosophers flourished in and were an integral part of the extensive Arab civilization. This period ended with the Cordoba massacre in 1013.

940: In Iraq, Saadia Gaon compiles his siddur (Jewish prayer book).

945: In the Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia, the Senate forbids sea captains from accepting Jewish passengers.

11th century

1008–1013: Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ("the Mad") issues severe restrictions against Jews in the Fatimid Caliphate. All Jews are forced to wear a heavy wooden "golden calf" around their necks. Christians had to wear a large wooden cross and members of both groups had to wear black hats.

1013: During the fall of the city, Sulayman's troops looted Córdoba and massacred citizens of the city, including many Jews. Prominent Jews in Córdoba, such as Samuel ibn Naghrela were forced to flee to the city in 1013.

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Timeline_of_Jewish_history
>Text je dostupný pod licencí Creative Commons Uveďte autora – Zachovejte licenci, případně za dalších podmínek. Podrobnosti naleznete na stránce Podmínky užití.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]