The Ukrainian diaspora comprises Ukrainians and their descendants who live outside Ukraine around the world, especially those who maintain some kind of connection to the land of their ancestors and maintain their feeling of Ukrainian national identity within their own local community.^[1] The Ukrainian diaspora is found throughout numerous regions worldwide including other post-Soviet states as well as in Canada and other countries such as Poland,^[2] the United States,^[3] the UK^[4][5] and Brazil.^[6]

Distribution

Ukrainians and diaspora worldwide

Country	Population	%
Argentina	305,000	0.6
Belarus	159,656	0.3
Brazil	600,000	1.3
Canada	1,359,655	2.9
Czech Republic	650,000	1.5
Germany	272,000	0.6
Italy	234,354	0.5
France	35,000	0.1
Kazakhstan	338,022	0.7
Moldova	442,475	0.9
Poland	1,200,000	2.5
Portugal	45,051	0.1
Romania	51,703	0.1
Russia	3,269,992	6.9
Spain	112,034	0.2
Ukraine	37,541,693	79.3
United States	1,028,492	2.2

The Ukrainian diaspora is found throughout numerous countries worldwide. It is particularly concentrated in other post-Soviet states (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, and Russia), Central Europe (the Czech Republic, Germany, and Poland), North America (Canada and the United States), and South America (Argentina and Brazil).

History

1608 to 1880

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After the loss suffered by the Ukrainian-Swedish Alliance under Ivan Mazepa in the Battle of Poltava in 1709, some political emigrants, primarily Cossacks, settled in Turkey and in Western Europe.

In 1775, after the fall of the Zaporozhian Sich to the Russian Empire, some more Cossacks emigrated to Dobruja in the Ottoman Empire (now in Romania), while others settled in Volga and Ural regions of the Russian Empire.

In the second half of the 18th century, Ukrainians from the Transcarpathian Region formed agricultural settlements in the Kingdom of Hungary, primarily in the Bačka and Syrmia regions. Both are now located in the Vojvodina Region of the Republic of Serbia.

In time, Ukrainian settlements emerged in the major European capitals, including Vienna, Budapest, Rome and Warsaw.

1880–1920

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In 1880, the Ukrainian diaspora consisted of approximately 1.2 million people, which represented approximately 4.6% of all Ukrainians, and was distributed as follows:

• 0.7 million in the European part of the Russian Empire
• 0.2 million in Austro-Hungary
• 0.1 million in the Asian part of the Russian Empire
• 0.1 million in the United States

In the last quarter of the 19th century due to the agrarian resettlement, a massive emigration of Ukrainians from Austro-Hungary to the Americas and from the Russian Empire to the Urals and Asia (Siberia and Kazakhstan) occurred.

A secondary movement was the emigration under the auspices of the Austro-Hungarian government of 10,000 Ukrainians from Galicia to Bosnia.

Furthermore, due to Russian agitation, 15,000 Ukrainians left Galicia and Bukovina and settled in Russia. Most of these settlers later returned.

Finally in the Russian Empire, some Ukrainians from the Chełm and Podlaskie regions, as well as most of the Jews, emigrated to the Americas.

Some of those who left their homeland returned. For example, from the 393,000 Ukrainians who emigrated to the United States, 70,000 returned.

Most of the emigrants to the US worked in the construction and mining industries. Many worked in the US on a temporary basis to earn remittances.

In the 1890s, Ukrainian agricultural settlers emigrated first to Brazil and Argentina. However, the writings of Galician professor and nationalist Dr Joseph Oleskiw were influential in redirecting that flow to Canada. He visited an already-established Ukrainian block settlement, which had been founded by Iwan Pylypiw, and met with Canadian immigration officials. His two pamphlets on the subject praised the United States as a place for wage labour, but stated that Canada was the best place for agricultural settlers to obtain free land. By contrast he was fiercely critical of the treatment Ukrainian settlers had received in South America. After his writings, the slow trickle of Ukrainians to Canada greatly increased.

Before the start of the First World War, almost 500,000 Ukrainians emigrated to the Americas. This can be broken down by country as follows:

• to the United States: almost 350,000
• to Canada: almost 100,000
• to Brazil and Argentina: almost 50,000

In 1914, the Ukrainian diaspora in the Americas numbered about 700,000-750,000 people:

• 500,000-550,000 in the US
• almost 100,000 in Canada
• approximately 50,000 in Brazil
• 15,000-20,000 in Argentina

Most of the emigrants to the Americas belonged to the Greek Catholic Church. This led to the creation of Greek Catholic bishops in Canada and the US. The need for solidarity led to the creation of Ukrainian religious, political, and social organisations. These new Ukrainian organisations maintained links with the homeland, from which books, media, priests, cultural figures, and new ideas arrived. Furthermore, local influence, as well as influence from their homeland, led to the process of a national re-awakening. At times, the diaspora was ahead of their time in this re-awakening.

Emigrants from the Transcarpathian and Lemko regions created their own organisations and had their own separate Greek Catholic church hierarchy (the Ruthenian Catholic Church). These emigrants are often considered to be Rusyns or Ruthenians and are considered by some to be distinct from other Ukrainians. However, in Argentina and Brazil, immigrants from Transcarpathia and the Lemko Region did identify themselves as Ukrainians.

The majority of the Ukrainian diaspora in the Americas focused on freeing the nation and obtaining independence. Thus, during the First World War and the fight for freedom in Ukraine (1919–1920), the Ukrainian diaspora in the US and Canada actively sought to get the governments to support their cause. An interesting note is the role the Ruthenians played to convince the American government about the inclusion of the Transcarpathian region into the Czechoslovak Republic in 1919. The Ukrainian diaspora sent delegates to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference.

In contrast, the Ukrainian diaspora in the Russian Empire, and especially in Asia, was primarily agrarian. After 1860, the diaspora was primarily located in the Volga and Ural Regions, while in the last quarter of that century, due to a lack of space for settlement, the diaspora expanded into Western Siberia, Turkestan, the Far East, and even into the Zeleny Klyn. In the 1897 census there were 1,560,000 Ukrainians divided as follows:

• In the European part of the empire: 1,232,000
  • In the Volga and Urals: 393,000
  • In the non-Ukrainian (ethnographically speaking) parts of Kursk and Voronezh Regions: 232,000
  • Almost 150,000 in Bessarabia.
• In the Asian part of the empire: 311,000
  • In the Caucasus region: 117,000

In the next few decades, Ukrainian emigration to Asia increased (almost 1.5 million Ukrainians emigrated), leading to almost 2 million Ukrainians in the Asian part of the Russian Empire by 1914. Consequently the Russian Empire had approximately 3.4 million Ukrainians. Most of this population was assimilated due to a lack of national awareness and closeness with the local Russian population, especially in religion.

Unlike the emigrants from Austro-Hungary, the Ukrainian emigrants in the Russian Empire did not create their own organisations nor were there many interactions with their homeland. The revolution of 1917 allowed the creation of Ukrainian organisations, which were linked with the national and political rebirth in Ukraine.

1920–1945

First major political emigration

The First World War and the Russian Civil War led to the first massive political emigration, which strengthened the existing Ukrainian communities by infusing them with members from various political, scientific, and cultural backgrounds. Furthermore, some of these new emigrants formed Ukrainian communities in Western and Central Europe. Thus, new communities were created in Czechoslovakia, Germany, Poland, France, Belgium, Austria, Romania, and Yugoslavia. The largest was in Prague, which was considered one of the centres of Ukrainian culture and political life (after Lviv and Kraków).

This group of emigrants created many different organisations and movements associated with corresponding groups in the battle for independence. A few Ukrainian universities were founded. Furthermore, many of these organisations were associated with the exiled Ukrainian government, the Ukrainian People's Republic.

During the 1920s, the new diaspora maintained links with now-Soviet Ukraine. A Sovietophile movement appeared, whereby former opponents of the Bolsheviks began to argue that Ukrainians should support Soviet Ukraine. Some argued that they should do so because the Soviet republics were the leaders of international revolution, while others claimed that the Bolsheviks' social and national policies benefited Ukraine. This movement included Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, Volodymyr Vynnychenko and Yevhen Petrushevych. Many émigrés, including Hrushevskyi, returned and helped the Bolsheviks implement their policy of Ukrainianisation. However, the abandonment of Ukrainianisation, the return to collectivisation, and the man-made famine of 1932–33 ended Ukrainianisation.^[7] Most of the links were broken, with the exception of some Sovietophile organisations in Canada and the United States.^[8]

On the other hand, the Canadian and American diaspora maintained links with the Ukrainian community in Galicia and the Transcarpathian Region.

The political emigration decreased in the mid-1920s due to a return to Soviet Ukraine and a decline in students studying at the Ukrainian universities established outside of Ukraine.

Economic emigration

In 1920 and 1921, many Ukrainians left Western Ukraine to settle in the Americas and Western Europe. Most of the emigrates settled in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, France, the UK and Belgium. The economic crisis of the early 1930s stopped most of this emigration. The emigration picked up again later in the decade. The number of emigrants can be approximated as:

• to Canada: almost 70,000 Ukrainians;
• to Argentina: 50,000 Ukrainians;
• to France: 35,000 Ukrainians;
• to the United States: 15,000 Ukrainians;
• to Brazil: 10,000 Ukrainians;
• to Paraguay and Uruguay: a couple of thousand Ukrainians.

Furthermore, many Ukrainians left the Ukrainian SSR and settled in Asia due to political and economic factors, primarily collectivisation and the famine of the 1930s.

Size

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The Ukrainian diaspora, outside of the Soviet Union, was 1.7-1.8 million people:

• In the Americas:
  • In the United States: 700-800,000 Ukrainians
  • In Canada: 250,000 Ukrainians
  • In Argentina: 220,000 Ukrainians
  • In Brazil: 80,000 Ukrainians
• In Western and Central Europe:
  • In Moldova: approximately 360,000 Ukrainians
  • In Poland: 100,000 Ukrainians
  • In France: 40,000 Ukrainians
  • In Yugoslavia: 40,000 Ukrainians
  • In Czechoslovakia: 35,000 Ukrainians
  • In other countries: 15-20,000 Ukrainians

According to the Soviet census of 1926, there were 3,450,000 Ukrainians living outside of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, divided as follows:

• In the European part of the Soviet Union: 1,310,000 Ukrainians
  • 242,000 Ukrainians living on land neighbouring the Ukrainian ethnic territory
  • 771,000 Ukrainians in the Volga and Ural regions
• In the Asian part of the Soviet Union: 2,138,000 Ukrainians
  • 861,000 Ukrainians in Kazakhstan
  • 830,000 Ukrainians in Siberia
  • 315,000 Ukrainians in the Far East
  • 64,000 Ukrainians in Kyrgyzstan
  • 33,000 Ukrainians in the Central Asian Republic
  • 35,000 Ukrainians in the Caucasus Region.

In Siberia, the vast majority of the Ukrainians lived in the Central Asian region and the Zeleny Klyn. On 1 January 1933, there were about 4.5 million Ukrainians (larger than the official figures) in the Soviet Union outside of the Ukrainian SSR, while in America there were 1.1-1.2 million Ukrainians.

In 1931, the Ukrainian diaspora can be counted as follows:

In the Ukrainian SSR, there were 25,300,278 Ukrainians.

1945–1991

Outside the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

After the Second World War, the Ukrainian diaspora increased due to a second wave of displaced persons. The 250,000 Ukrainians at first settled in Germany and Austria. In the mid-to-late 1940s and early 1950s, these Ukrainians were resettled in many different countries creating new Ukrainian settlements in Australia, Venezuela, and for a time in Tunisia (Ben-Metir), as well as re-enforcing previous settlements in the United States, Canada^[9] (primarily Toronto, Ontario and Montreal, Quebec), Brazil (specially in the South and Southeast regions), Argentina and Paraguay. In Europe, there remained between 50,000 and 100,000 Ukrainians that settled in the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.

This second wave of emigrants re-invigorated Ukrainian organisations in the Americas and Western Europe. In 1967, in New York City, the World Congress of Free Ukrainians was created. Scientific organisations were created. An Institute of Ukrainian Studies at Harvard University was also created.

An attempt was made to unite the various religious organisations (Orthodox and Greek Catholic). However, this did not succeed. In the early 1970s, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in the United States and Canada and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in Europe, South America, and Australia managed to unite. Most of the other Orthodox churches maintained some religious links. The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church had to wait until 1980 until its synod was recognised by the Vatican. The Ukrainian Evangelical and Baptist churches also created an All-Ukrainian Evangelical-Baptist Union.

Within the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

Post-Second World War, there was a strong net migration in the USSR. Most of the Ukrainian contingent that was leaving the Ukrainian SSR for other areas of the Union settled in places with other migrants. The cultural separation from Ukraine proper meant that many were to form the so-called "multicultural soviet nation". In Siberia, 82% of Ukrainian entered mixed marriages, primarily with Russians. This meant that outside the parent national republic and large cities in the Union there was little or no provisions for continuing a diaspora function. Thus Ukrainian literature and television could be found only in larger cities like Moscow. At the same time other signs of Ukrainian cultural heritage such as clothing and food were preserved. According to a Soviet sociologist, 27% of the Ukrainians in Siberia read Ukrainian printed material and 38% used the Ukrainian language. From time to time, Ukrainian groups would visit Siberia. Nonetheless, most of the Ukrainians did assimilate.

In Eastern Europe, the Ukrainian diaspora can be divided as follows:

• In Poland: 200-300,000 Ukrainians
• In Czechoslovakia: 120-150,000 Ukrainians
• In Romania: 100-150,000 Ukrainians
• In Yugoslavia: 45-50,000 Ukrainians.

In all these countries, Ukrainians had the status of a minority nation with their own socio-cultural organisations, schools, and press. The degree of these rights varied within the region. Yugoslavia granted Ukrainians the most rights.

The largest Ukrainian diaspora was in Poland. It consisted of those Ukrainians, which were left in the western parts of Galicia that after the Second World War remained in Poland and had not emigrated to the Ukrainian SSR or resettled, and those who were resettled to the western and northern parts of Poland, which before the Second World War had been part of Germany.

Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia lived in the Prešov Region, which can be considered Ukrainian ethnographic territory, and had substantial rights. The Ukrainians in the Prešov Region had their own church organisation.

Ukrainians in Romania lived in the Romanian parts of Bukovina and the Maramureş Region, as well as in scattered settlements throughout Romania.

Ukrainians in Yugoslavia lived primarily in Bancka and Srem regions of Vojvodina and Bosnia. These Ukrainians had their own church organisation as the Eparchy of Križevci.

Size

Of the countries where the Ukrainian diaspora had settled, only in Canada and the Soviet Union was information about ethnic background collected. However, the data from the Soviet Union is suspect and underestimates the number of Ukrainians. In 1970, the Ukrainian diaspora can be given as follows:

• In the Soviet Union: officially 5.1 million Ukrainians
  • In the European part: 2.8 million Ukrainians
  • In the Asian part: 2.3 million Ukrainians
• In Eastern Europe (outside of the Soviet Union): 465-650,000 Ukrainians
  • In Czechoslovakia: 120-150,000 Ukrainians
  • In Poland: 200-300,000 Ukrainians
  • In Romania: 100-150,000 Ukrainians
  • In Yugoslavia: 45-50,000 Ukrainians
• In Central and Western Europe: 88-107,000 Ukrainians
  • In Austria: 4-5,000 Ukrainians
  • In Germany: 20-25,000 Ukrainians
  • In France: 30-35,000 Ukrainians
  • In Belgium: 3-5,000 Ukrainians
  • In the United Kingdom: 50-100,000 Ukrainians
• In the Americas and Australia: 2.2-2.5 million Ukrainians:
  • In the US: 1.25-1.5 million Ukrainians
  • In Canada: 581,000 Ukrainians
  • In Brazil: 120,000 Ukrainians
  • In Argentina: 180-200,000 Ukrainians
  • In Paraguay: 10,000 Ukrainians
  • In Uruguay: 8,000 Ukrainians
  • In other American countries: 2,000 Ukrainians
  • In Australia and New Zealand: 30,000 Ukrainians.

For the Soviet Union, it can be assumed that about 10-12 million people of Ukrainian (7-9 million in Asia) heritage lived outside the Ukrainian SSR.

Post 1991

After the independence of Ukraine in 1991, many Ukrainians emigrated to Western countries because of an economic depression in the 1990s.

Many Ukrainians live in Russia either along the Ukrainian border or in Siberia. In the 1990s, the number of Ukrainians living in Russia was calculated to be around 5 million.^[10] These regions, where Ukrainians live, can be subdivided into 2 categories: Regions along the mixed Ukrainian-Russian border territory and The Far East^{[citation needed]} territory:

• The northern part of Sloboda Ukraine where Ukrainians have been living for centuries
• Siberian Ukrainians
• The rest of Russia, formed from systematic migration since the start of the 19th century.

Ukrainians can also be found in parts of Romania and Slovakia that border Ukraine.

The size of the Ukrainian diaspora has changed over time due to the following factors:

• Growth Factors
  1. New emigration from Ukraine
  2. Natural Growth
• Decrease Factors
  1. Returning of emigrants to Ukraine
  2. Assimilation

21st century

As of 2020, the European Union was host of over half a million Ukrainian citizens, according to official records of residents collected by Eurostat. About half of the Ukrainian citizens in the EU were located in Italy.^[11]

On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a large-scale invasion of Ukraine, which has led to millions of Ukrainian civilians moving to neighbouring countries. Most crossed into Poland, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic, and others proceeded to at least temporarily settle in Hungary, Moldova, Germany, Austria, Romania and other European countries.^[12]

Extended statistics

2004 figures

In 2004, the Ukrainian diaspora was distributed as follows:

Country	Number (thousands)	Main Areas of Settlement
Russia[15]	1,928 (census) – 4,379[16][17][18]	In the regions of Kursk, Voronezh, Saratov, Samara, Astrakhan, Vladivostok and the Don River. From Orenburg to the Pacific Ocean, in the Primorsky Krai along the Ussuri River, and in the Amur Oblast ("Zeleny Klyn") Norilsk, Magadan, Yakutia and Vorkuta[19][20]
Kazakhstan	896.2-2,400	In the north and urban areas
Canada[21]	1,209	Provinces: Ontario, Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Quebec, and British Columbia[22]
Brazil	1,000	States: Paraná, São Paulo, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul
United States	900	States: Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Maryland, Florida, California, Texas, and Wisconsin
Moldova	600.4-650	Transnistria, Chişinău
Poland	360-500	Regions: Western and northern parts of Poland (voivodeships of Olsztyn, Szczecin, Wrocław, Gdańsk, and Poznań)
Greece	350-360	Regions: Northern Greece, Thessaloniki, Athens
Italy	320-350	Regions: North Italy, Naples, Sicily
Belarus	291-500	Brest Oblast
Argentina	100-250	Provinces: Buenos Aires, Misiones, Chaco, Mendoza, Formosa, Córdoba, and Río Negro
Uzbekistan	153.2	Urban Centres
Kyrgyzstan	108	Urban Centres
Paraguay	102	Regions: in the area of Colonia Fram, Sandov, Nuevo Volyn, Bohdanivky, and Tarasivky
Slovakia	40-100	Regions: Eastern Slovakia, Prešov
Latvia[23]	46	Urban Centres[24]
Romania	61-90[25]	Regions: Southern Bukovina (Suceava region), Maramureş region, Banat, and Northern Dobruja
former Yugoslavia	60	Regions: Vojvodina (Backa Region), Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Croatia (Slavonia)
Portugal	40-150	Lisbon and surroundings, interior of the country
Georgia	52.4	Urban Centres
Czech Republic	50	Sudetenland
Estonia	48	Urban Centres
Lithuania	44	Urban Centres
Turkmenistan	35.6	Urban Centres
France	35	Regions: Central, Eastern, Southwestern, and Northwestern France
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