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Seventy is a priesthood office in the Melchizedek priesthood of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Traditionally, a church member holding this priesthood office is a "traveling minister"[1] and an "especial witness"[2] of Jesus Christ, charged with the mission of preaching the gospel to the entire world under the direction of the Twelve Apostles.[3] The church teaches that the office of seventy was anciently conferred upon the seventy disciples mentioned in the Gospel of Luke 10:1-2. Multiple individuals holding the office of seventy are referred to collectively as seventies.
History of the seventy in the LDS Church
Place in church hierarchy
In practical terms, the priesthood office of seventy is one which has varied widely over the course of history. As originally envisioned by church founder, Joseph Smith, in the 1830s, the seventy were to be a body composed of several separate quorums of up to seventy members each, all of which would be led by seven presidents. These presidents, chosen from the first quorum, would appoint and direct the other quorums of seventy.[4]
As introduced by Smith, the apostles and the seventy had authority only outside the main body of church members in Zion, and in the outlying stakes. Members in Zion and the stakes were led by the High Council of Zion (under the direction of the First Presidency) and stake high councils.
Early quorums of the seventy
Historically, the First Quorum of the Seventy came into being in 1835 when seven men were set apart as the First Seven Presidents of the Seventy.
In 1837, six of the seven presidents were released because it was discovered that they had previously been ordained high priests. Five of these men were ultimately replaced by others. The other two—Levi W. Hancock and Joseph Young—remained members of the First Seven Presidents for the rest of their lives.[5]
The quorums of the seventy are directed and supervised hierarchically by the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, who are in turn directed by the First Presidency.
As a body, the seventy in the church are considered to be equal in priesthood authority with the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.[6][7] This presumably means that if the apostles were killed or incapacitated, the seventy could take over the function of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously.[4]
Structure and history of the seventy in the church
Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole.
Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Twelfth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of the church called an area.
Expanding membership
By the time Joseph Smith was killed, he had already organized four incomplete quorums of seventy. By 1845, there were ten quorums of seventy. The seventies in the first quorum became the seven presidents for each of the other quorums; that is, there were 63 presidents, 7 for each of the 9 other quorums, and the seven remaining members were the presidency of the first quorum. The members of the first quorum were thus spread out across the church, making meetings of the first quorum rare.
Elders were often ordained to the office of seventy immediately before they left on a mission. Quorums were not restricted to geography, so individual quorums were scattered all over the world.
In 1883, church president John Taylor localized the quorums of seventy. Each stake was given a quorum of seventy, and seventies in that stake would belong to that quorum. Taylor also prescribed that the senior president of the first 64 quorums could meet with the seven presidents of the first quorum and that would constitute a meeting of the first quorum. This never happened, however.[8] This organization continued until church president Spencer W. Kimball's reorganization of the seventies in 1976.
Though the number of seventies in the church grew, the number of presidents remained at seven. By the late 1930s, the First Seven Presidents were exclusively referred to by the church as the First Council of the Seventy.
Eventually, the stake quorums of seventy were no longer numbered and in 1936 they were put under the local responsibility of stake presidents. Subsequently, in 1961, church president David O. McKay ordained those of the First Council of the Seventy who wished to be high priests.[9]
First Quorum of the Seventy formed
In 1975, under Kimball's direction, the First Quorum of the Seventy was reconstituted. The First Quorum was composed of the former members of the First Council of the Seventy as well as new individuals selected by Kimball. The reason for the change was that the growth of the church necessitated the call of more general authorities. In 1976, the First Council of the Seventy, the First Quorum of the Seventy, and the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new First Quorum of the Seventy under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy.[10] In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were "retired" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure.
Discontinuance of local quorums of seventy
In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to ordain them as high priests.[11]
Second Quorum of the Seventy formed
In 1984, some seventies were appointed to the First Quorum of the Seventy who were not to serve for life, but for terms of three to five years. In 1989, these limited-term members were separated into a new Second Quorum of the Seventy. At the same time, the general practice was instituted of releasing all members of the First Quorum at the October general conference following their 70th birthdays, or earlier in the case of serious health problems. Some flexibility on the terms of service has emerged in recent years.[12]
Since 1989, members of the First and Second Quorums have continued as general authorities of the church.[13] Sometimes members are called from the Second Quorum into the First Quorum.
Since the 1976 merger of First Quorum of the Seventy, seventies are the most usual candidates to become members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Since 1976, three have been called as apostles who did not serve as general authority seventies prior to their call: Russell M. Nelson, Dallin H. Oaks, and David A. Bednar,[14] Nelson and Oaks were ordained apostles in 1984 under church president Kimball and Bednar in 2004 under church president Gordon B. Hinckley. Additionally, having served previously as members of the First Quorum of the Seventy, both Robert D. Hales and Gary E. Stevenson were serving as the Presiding Bishop at the time of their call to the Quorum of the Twelve.
Area seventies and additional quorums of seventy
At the church's April 1995 general conference, Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority.[15] The area authorities were to replace the regional representatives who had served as bridge of leadership between the general authorities and the local stake and mission presidents. In 1997, it was decided that area authorities would be ordained to the office of seventy. As a result, these area authorities were renamed area authority seventies, and the church announced that these new seventies would become members of the newly created Third, Fourth, and Fifth Quorums of the Seventy.[16] Later, the title "area authority seventy" was shortened to area seventy, which is the title currently in use.
Area seventies serve in the various geographic regions of the world called areas in which the church is governed by area presidencies. Each of the Church's area presidency members usually consist of members of the First and Second Quorums of the Seventy (with the most recent exception, beginning in April 2022, being the presidency of the Europe East Area, which consists of 3 area seventies), .[17]
In 2004, the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy was divided to create the Sixth Quorum.[18]
In May 2005, the Seventh and Eighth quorums were created. The Fourth Quorum, which had served Mexico, Central and South America, had grown to 72 members, and was split into the Fourth and Seventh Quorums. The Eighth Quorum was created to allow better geographic organization of the Third Quorum (not because the number of members exceeded seventy). The Third Quorum previously covered all of Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and the western islands of the Pacific. The new Eighth Quorum serves Southern Asia, Australia, and the western islands of the Pacific. The Third Quorum continued to serve Africa, northern Asia, and Europe.[19]
By August 2019, with new areas having been created or existing areas consolidated with others, the Third Quorum then included area seventies in Africa and Europe, with the Fourth Quorum including those serving in the Caribbean, Central America, Mexico, and South America Northwest areas. The Fifth Quorum had been composed of those area seventies serving in the North America West and Utah areas, with the Sixth Quorum composed of the North America Central, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. The Seventh Quorum included those serving in the Brazil and South America South areas, while the Eighth Quorum was composed of area seventies serving in the Asia, Asia North, Philippines, and Pacific areas.
Subsequently, effective June 1, 2020, four new Quorums of the Seventy were created, and the geographical distribution of the ten quorums of area seventies were constituted in the following manner:[20]
- Third Quorum–Africa Central,[21] Africa South, and Africa West areas.
- Fourth Quorum–Asia and Asia North areas.
- Fifth Quorum–Brazil Area.
- Sixth Quorum–Caribbean, Central America, and Mexico areas.
- Seventh Quorum–Europe Central, Europe East, Europe North,[22] and Middle East/Africa North areas.
- Eighth Quorum–Philippines and Pacific areas.
- Ninth Quorum–South America Northwest and South America South areas;
- Tenth Quorum–North America Central, North America Northeast, and North America Southeast areas.
- Eleventh Quorum–North America Southwest and North America West Areas.
- Twelfth Quorum–Utah Area.
Seventies who became apostles or members of the First Presidency
| Name | Dates as a seventy |
Specific quorum or position as a seventy | Dates in other position(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
George A. Smith | 1835–39 | First Quorum of the Seventy | Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (1839–68); First Presidency (1868–75) |
|
Amasa M. Lyman | 1835–42 | First Quorum of the Seventy | Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (1842–43; 1844–67); First Presidency (1843–44) |
|
Erastus Snow | 1836–49 | Second Quorum of the Seventy | Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (1849–88) |
|
Wilford Woodruff | 1837–38 | First Quorum of the Seventy | Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (1839–89); President of the Church (1889–98) |
|
Lorenzo Snow | 1840 | None: was ordained a high priest the day after being ordained a seventy | Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (1849–98); First Presidency (1873–77); President of the Church (1898–1901) |
|
Jedediah M. Grant | 1845–54 | First Council of the Seventy | Apostle (1854–56); First Presidency (1854–56) |
|
Abraham H. Cannon | 1882–89 | First Council of the Seventy | Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (1889–96) |
|
George Q. Morris | 1889–1908 | Stake seventy | Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (1954–62) |
|
Richard L. Evans | 1938–53 | First Council of the Seventy | Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (1953–71) |
|
Bruce R. McConkie | 1946–72 | First Council of the Seventy | Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (1972–85) |
|
Neal A. Maxwell | 1974–81 | First Council of the Seventy (1974–76); Presidency of the Seventy (1976–81) |
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (1981–2004) |
|
James E. Faust | 1976–78 | Presidency of the Seventy | Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (1978–95); First Presidency (1995–2007) |
|
Alvin R. Dyer | 1970–1977 | First Quorum of the Seventy (only person to be ordained a seventy after being ordained an apostle) |
Apostle (1967–77); First Presidency (1968–70) |
|
M. Russell Ballard | 1976–85 | First Quorum of the Seventy; Presidency of the Seventy (1980–85) |
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (1985–2023) |
| Robert D. Hales | 1976–85 | First Quorum of the Seventy | Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (1994–2017) | |
| Joseph B. Wirthlin | 1976–86 | First Quorum of the Seventy; Presidency of the Seventy (1986) |
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (1986–2008) | |
|
Richard G. Scott | 1977–88 | First Quorum of the Seventy; Presidency of the Seventy (1983–88) |
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (1988–2015) |
|
Jeffrey R. Holland | 1989–94 | First Quorum of the Seventy | Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (1994–) |
|
Henry B. Eyring | 1992–95 | First Quorum of the Seventy | Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (1995–2007); First Presidency (2007–) |
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|
D. Todd Christofferson | 1993–2008 | First Quorum of the Seventy (1993–2008); Presidency of the Seventy (1998–2008) |
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (2008–) |
|
Neil L. Andersen | 1993–2009 | First Quorum of the Seventy (1993–2009); Presidency of the Seventy (2005–09) |
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (2009–) |
|
Dieter F. Uchtdorf | 1994–2004 | Second Quorum of the Seventy (1994–96); First Quorum of the Seventy (1996–2004); Presidency of the Seventy (2002–04) |
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (2004–08,2018–); First Presidency (2008–18) |
|
Quentin L. Cook | 1996–2007 | Second Quorum of the Seventy (1996–98); First Quorum of the Seventy (1998–2007); Presidency of the Seventy (2007) |
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (2007–) |
|
David A. Bednar | 1997–2004 | Area seventy; Fifth Quorum of the Seventy | Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (2004–) |
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|
Ronald A. Rasband | 2000–15 | First Quorum of the Seventy (2000–15); Presidency of the Seventy (2005–15) |
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (2015–) |
|
Dale G. Renlund | 2000–15 | Fifth Quorum of the Seventy (2000–09); First Quorum of the Seventy (2009–15) |
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (2015–) |
| Gary E. Stevenson | 2008–12 | First Quorum of the Seventy (2008–12) | Presiding Bishop (2012–15); Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (2015–) | |
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|
Gerrit W. Gong | 2010-2018 | Presidency of the Seventy (2015–2018) First Quorum of the Seventy (2010–2018) Area seventy, Fifth Quorum of the Seventy (2009–10) |
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (2018–) |
.jpg)
|
Ulisses Soares | 2005-2018 | Presidency of the Seventy (2013–2018) First Quorum of the Seventy (2005–2018) |
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (2018–) |
| Patrick Kearon | 2010-2023 | Presidency of the Seventy (2017-2023) First Quorum of the Seventy (2010-2023) |
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (2023- ) |
Other noteworthy seventies
| Name | Dates as a general, area, or local Seventy[a] |
Specific quorum or position as a seventy | Significance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Elijah Abel | 1836–84 | Local seventy | First black seventy |
| Ángel Abrea | 1981–2003[b] | First Quorum of the Seventy (1981–2003); Emeritus general authority (2003–) |
First resident of Latin America general authority | |
| Joseph Anderson | 1976–78 | First Quorum of the Seventy (1976–78); Emeritus general authority (1978–92) |
Second oldest-lived general authority in LDS Church history (102) | |
| Eduardo Ayala | 1990-1995 | Second Quorum of the Seventy (1990-1995) | First Chilean general authority and first from western South America | |
| Merrill J. Bateman | 1992–94; 1995–2007[b] | Second Quorum of the Seventy (1992–94); First Quorum of the Seventy (1995–2007); Presidency of the Seventy (2003–07); Emeritus general authority (2007–) |
Presiding Bishop of the church (1994–95); President of Brigham Young University (1996–2003) | |
|
Samuel O. Bennion | 1933–46 | First Council of the Seventy | |
| Gladden Bishop | 1837–42 (approx) | Local seventy | Abandoned the church in 1842 and established his own Latter Day Saint sect after 1844 | |
| Helio R. Camargo | 1985-1990 | First Quorum of the Seventy | First Brazilian general authority | |
|
Clayton M. Christensen | 2002-2009 | Area Seventy; Sixth Quorum of the Seventy | Professor at Harvard Business School |
|
Kim B. Clark | 2007–14; 2015–2019 | Area Seventy; Fifth Quorum of the Seventy (2007–14); First Quorum of the Seventy (2015–19) |
President of Brigham Young University–Idaho (2005–15) Former dean of Harvard Business School |
| Massimo De Feo | 2013– | Area Seventy; Third Quorum of the Seventy (2013–16) General Authority Seventy (2016–)[23] |
First Italian general authority. | |
| Charles A. Didier | 1975–2009[b] | First Quorum of the Seventy; Presidency of the Seventy (1992–95; 2001–07); Emeritus general authority (2009-) |
First European general authority | |
| Edward Dube | 2013– | First Quorum of the Seventy (2013–) | First Zimbabwean and second black African general authority | |
|
Paul H. Dunn | 1964–89 | First Council of the Seventy (1968–76); First Quorum of the Seventy (1964–89); Presidency of the Seventy (1976–80); Emeritus general authority (1989–98) |
in 1991, publicly admitted to falsifying and embellishing stories of personal experiences in past sermons and books |
| John H. Groberg | 1976–2005[b] | First Quorum of the Seventy (1976–2005); Presidency of the Seventy (2004–05); Emeritus general authority (2005–) |
2001 film The Other Side of Heaven is based on his missionary experiences in Tonga | |
|
Zenas H. Gurley | 1840–44 (approx) | Local seventy
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