Islamic terrorism in Europe has been carried out by the Islamic State (ISIL) or Al-Qaeda as well as Islamist lone wolves since the late 20th century. Europol, which releases the annual EU Terrorism Situation and Trend report (TE-SAT), used the term "Islamist terrorism" in the years 2006–2010, "religiously inspired terrorism" 2011–2014, and has used "jihadist terrorism" since 2015.^[1][a][2] Europol defines jihadism as "a violent ideology exploiting traditional Islamic concepts".^[2]

In the early 2000s, most of the Islamic terrorist activity was linked to Al-Qaeda and the plots tended to involve groups carrying out co-ordinated bombings. The deadliest attacks of this period were the 2004 Madrid train bombings, which killed 193 civilians (the deadliest Islamist attack in Europe), and the 7 July 2005 London bombings, which killed 52.

There was a rise in Islamic terrorist incidents in Europe after 2014.^[3][4][5] The years 2014–16 saw more people killed by Islamic terrorist attacks in Europe than all previous years combined, and the highest rate of attack plots per year.^[6] Most of this terrorist activity was inspired by ISIL,^[6][7] and many European states have had some involvement in the military intervention against it. A number of plots involved people who entered or re-entered Europe as asylum seekers during the European migrant crisis,^[7][8][9] and some attackers had returned to Europe after fighting in the Syrian civil war.^[7] The Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting in May 2014 was the first attack in Europe by a returnee from the Syrian war.^[10]

While most earlier Islamic terrorist attacks in Europe were carried out by groups and involved bombs, most attacks since 2014 have been carried out by individuals using guns, knives and vehicles.^[6] A notable exception is the ISIL cell in Brussels, which carried out two of the deadliest attacks of the period.

The deadliest attacks of this period have been the November 2015 Paris attacks (130 killed), the July 2016 Nice truck attack (86 killed), the June 2016 Atatürk Airport attack (45 killed), the March 2016 Brussels bombings (32 killed), and the May 2017 Manchester Arena bombing (22 killed). These attacks and threats have led to major security operations and plans such as Opération Sentinelle in France, Operation Vigilant Guardian and the Brussels lockdown in Belgium, and Operation Temperer in the United Kingdom.

Definition

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The 2020 TE-SAT by Europol describes jihadism as "a violent ideology exploiting traditional Islamic concepts".^[2] Jihadists do this by exploiting the concept of jihad, which means 'striving' or 'exertion' but can also refer to religiously sanctioned warfare and aim to create an Islamic state governed exclusively by their interpretation of Islamic law. The report describes jihadism as a violent subcurrent of Salafism, while noting that other subcurrents of Salafism are quietist. The two major representatives of jihadism are al-Qaeda and ISIL.^[2]

Overview

The first incidents of Islamic terrorism occurred in France in 1995 when a network with ties to Algeria carried out a string of bombings in Paris in retaliation for French involvement in the Algerian Civil War.^[12]

In the early 2000s, most of the Islamic terrorist activity was linked to Al-Qaeda and the plots tended to involve groups carrying out co-ordinated bombings. The deadliest attacks of this period were the 2004 Madrid train bombings, which killed 193 civilians (the deadliest Islamist attack in Europe), and the 7 July 2005 London bombings, which killed 52.

Although militants in Syria had started to organize attacks in Europe by sending terrorist operatives to carry out attacks as early as 2012, security services in the European countries they sought to attack did not see the arrested individuals as part of a network with a cohesive strategy. Instead the general consensus saw them as radicalized individuals. Many of these operatives were arrested, while others carried out unsophisticated attacks which caused little damage but still served to overload security services.^[12]

Since 2014, more than 20 fatal attacks have been carried out in Europe. France saw eight attacks between January 2015 and July 2016;^[13] this included the January 2015 Île-de-France attacks, the November 2015 Paris attacks, and the July 2016 Nice truck attack. The United Kingdom saw three major attacks carried out in a span of four months in early 2017 (Westminster attack, Manchester Arena bombing, and London Bridge attack). Other targets in Europe have included Belgium, Germany, Russia, and Spain. The transcontinental city of Istanbul also saw both bombings and shootings, including in January 2016, June 2016 and January 2017.

In 2015, the Islamic State, which in 2014 had claimed that all Muslims were under a religious obligation to join it, declared that the only excuse for Muslims to not join the group in territories under its control was to perpetrate terrorist attacks in their current place of residence. According to Europol's annual report released in 2017, the Islamic State exploited the flow of refugees and migrants to commit acts of terrorism, which was a feature of the 2015 Paris attacks. In 2016 attack planning against Western countries took place in Syria and Iraq. Groups such as al-Qaeda and ISIL had the intent and capabilities to mount mass casualty attacks with volunteers.^[14]

The Counter Extremism Project states police investigations have found links between internet radicalization and terrorist attacks.^[15] In 2019, Julian King, the European Commissioner for the Security Union, stated that terrorist content on the internet "had a role to play in every single attack on European soil in the last few years".^[15] However, Swedish news agency Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå reviewed attacks in Western Europe between 2014 and 2017 and stated that most attackers radicalize as a result of personal contact rather than online.^[16]

In 2017, the EU Counter-terrorism Coordinator Gilles de Kerchove stated in an interview that there were more than 50,000 radicals and jihadists in Europe.^[17] In 2016, French authorities stated that 15,000 of the 20,000 individuals on the list of security threats belong to Islamist movements.^[18] After the Manchester Arena bombing in May 2017, British authorities and MI5 estimated they had 500 ongoing investigations into 3,000 jihadist extremists as potential terrorist attackers, with a further 20,000 having been "subjects of interest" in the past, including the Manchester and Westminster attackers.^[19]

According to Lorenzo G. Vidino, jihadi terrorists in Europe mobilized by ISIL have tended to be second-generation immigrant Muslims.^[20] Consequently, countries such as Italy and Spain with a smaller demographic in this category have experienced fewer attacks than countries in Central and Northern Europe such as France, the United Kingdom, Germany and Belgium.^[20]

British think tank^[21] ICSR argues for a connection between terrorism and crime: up to 40% of terrorist plots in Europe are part-financed through petty crime such as drug-dealing, theft, robberies, loan fraud and burglaries, and most jihadists have been imprisoned for petty or violent crime prior to radicalisation (some of whom radicalise while in prison). Jihadists use ordinary crime as a way to finance their activity and have also argued this to be the "ideologically correct" way to wage 'jihad 'in 'lands of war'.^[22]

According to German anthropologist Susanne Schröter, attacks in European countries in 2017 showed that the military defeat of the Islamic State did not mean the end of Islamist violence. Schröter also compared the events in Europe to a jihadist strategy formulated in 2005 by Abu Musab al-Suri, where an intensification of terror would destabilise societies and encourage Muslim youth to revolt. The expected civil war never materialised in Europe, but did occur in other regions such as Libya, Syria, Iraq and the Philippines (Battle of Marawi).^[23]

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues.

Launched attacks and foiled Jihadist terror plots in Europe. Numbers for 2017 and 2018 are preliminary.^[24]

List of attacks

1994–1995

Date	Location	Article	Details	Deaths	Injuries
24–26 December 1994	Marignane near Marseille, France	Air France Flight 8969	Four Islamists from the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria (GIA) hijacked an Air France plane with 220 passengers in Algiers, the capital city of Algeria, intending to blow up the plane over the Eiffel Tower in Paris. 3 passengers were killed by the terrorists to put pressure on the Algerian and French governments. When the aircraft made a stopover at the Marseille Provence Airport for a refuelling, the French National Gendarmerie Intervention Group stormed the plane and killed all four hijackers.[25]	3 (+ 4 attackers)	25
25 July–17 October 1995	Paris and Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France	1995 France bombings	A series of attacks carried out by the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria between July and October 1995 targeted public transport systems in Paris and Lyon, as well as a Jewish school in Villeurbanne, seeking to oppose French support of the Algerian regime during the Algerian Civil War and to extend the conflict to the former colonial ruler. 8 people were killed and 157 injured in the bombings.[26][27]	8	157

2000–2013

Date	Location	Article	Details	Deaths	Injuries
15-20 November 2003	Istanbul, Turkey	2003 Istanbul bombings[citation needed]	The 2003 Istanbul bombings were a series of suicide attacks carried out with trucks fitted with bombs detonated at four different locations in Istanbul, Turkey on November 15 and 20, 2003.[attribution needed] The first two attacks were carried out on November 15, 2003 against the Bet Israel Synagogue in Şişli and the Neve Shalom Synagogue in Beyoğlu. Five days later, on November 20 two truck bombs exploded at the British Consulate in Beyoğlu and at the HSBC General Directorate building in Beşiktaş.	55 (+4 attackers)	Over 750
11 March 2004	Madrid, Spain	Madrid train bombings	Ten bombs exploded almost simultaneously aboard four commuter trains in Madrid during rush hour, killing 193 civilians and injuring about 2,000. The bombs had been hidden in backpacks by a group of Islamists linked to Al-Qaeda. On 3 April, five suspects blew themselves up as police raided a flat in which they were hiding, killing themselves and a police officer.	193	2,050
2 November 2004	Amsterdam, Netherlands	Murder of Theo van Gogh	Dutch filmmaker Theo van Gogh was shot dead on a street in Amsterdam by Islamist Mohammed Bouyeri, a member of the 'Hofstad Network'. Van Gogh had received death threats for producing the film Submission with Ayaan Hirsi Ali, which criticises the treatment of women in Islam. Bouyeri also attempted to behead Van Gogh and pinned a threatening letter to his body. In July 2005, he was sentenced to life in prison for murder with terrorist intent.[28][attribution needed]	1	2
7 July 2005	London, United Kingdom	7 July 2005 London bombings	There were four co-ordinated suicide bombings in London during rush hour. Three Islamists blew themselves up aboard London Underground trains and another aboard a bus. Fifty-two civilians were killed and more than 700 were injured.[citation needed] A 2019 article in the Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues described it as the first Islamic terrorist attack in the city.[29][better source needed]	52 (+4 attackers)	784
30 June 2007	Glasgow, United Kingdom	Glasgow Airport attack	Two Islamists attempted to drive a jeep, loaded with propane tanks, into the main entrance of Glasgow Airport, Scotland. The jeep struck bollards and caught fire. One of the men threw petrol bombs while the other attempted to take out the propane tanks. They fought police and bystanders but were eventually subdued. The driver died of burns on 2 August. A day before the attack, the men had planted car bombs in London which failed to detonate. Europol classified the attacks as Islamist terrorism.[30]	0 (+1 attacker)	5
12 October 2009	Milan, Italy	–	A Libyan man detonated an explosive device at the entrance to Santa Barbara military barracks in Milan, after being stopped by guards. The attacker was badly burned and a guard was injured. Europol classified the attack as Islamist terrorism.[31][32]	0	2
1 January 2010	Denmark	Kurt Westergaard	A 28-year-old Somali made an attempt to murder the Danish cartoonist Kurt Westergaard, who managed to evade his attacker. As police arrived, the man attacked the officer's patrol vehicle with an axe. The first patrol car reversed away with the perpetrator following and an officer in a second patrol car shot and wounded the perpetrator in the arms and legs. Westergaard has been living under police protection since the publication of his caricature of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The perpetrator was found to have links to the radical Islamist organisation Al-Shabaab and in February 2011 he was sentenced to nine years in prison. Europol classified the attack as Islamist terrorism.[33][34]		(1)
11 December 2010	Stockholm, Sweden	2010 Stockholm bombings	There were two blasts in central Stockholm. A car bomb partly detonated, injuring two bystanders, and shortly after a suicide bomber blew himself up nearby. Only one of the pipe bombs he carried detonated and no bystanders were hurt. Europol classified the attack as Islamist terrorism.[33]	0 (+1 attacker)	2
2 March 2011	Frankfurt Airport, Germany	2011 Frankfurt Airport shooting	In a bus at Frankfurt Airport, a Kosovan employee of the airport opened fire on unarmed US soldiers. Two soldiers were killed and two others seriously wounded. According to the court judge at Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt, this was the first terrorist attack in Germany in which the perpetrator had an Islamist motive.[35]	2	2
11–22 March 2012	Toulouse and Montauban, France	Toulouse and Montauban shootings	An Islamist, Mohammed Merah, carried out a string of gun attacks on French soldiers and civilians. On 11 March he shot dead an off-duty soldier in Toulouse. On 15 March he shot three off-duty soldiers in Montauban, killing two. On 19 March, he opened fire at a Jewish school in Toulouse, killing a rabbi and three children. On 22 March, he was shot dead by police at his apartment after a lengthy standoff. Europol classified the attacks as religiously inspired terrorism.[36]	7 (+1 attacker)	5
19 September 2012	Sarcelles near Paris, France	Cannes-Torcy cell	In 2012 two assailants threw a grenade at a kosher market in Sarcelles, Paris which wounding one person.[37] One of the grenade throwers and the leader of the cell, rapper Jérémie Louis-Sidney, was shot and killed during 6 October 2012 by BRI police from Strasbourg during his arrest.[38][39] In June 2017 Jérémy Bailly, the other grenade thrower, was sentenced to 28 years in prison for the grenade attacks, planning other jihadist attacks and for planning to join the conflict in Syria.[40] In total 18 cell members originating in Algeria, Laos and France were convicted in the trial and two were acquitted.[41] Seven of the convicted were associated with the Torcy mosque which was closed for promoting jihadism.[40] Europol classified the attack as religiously inspired terrorism.[36]	0 (+1 attacker)	1
22 May 2013	London, United Kingdom	Murder of Lee Rigby	An off-duty British soldier, Lee Rigby, was killed by two Islamists outside his barracks in London. The men ran him down with a car, then stabbed and hacked him to death with knives and a cleaver. They stood over the body and spoke to bystanders until police arrived. They charged at police and were shot and arrested. Europol classified the attack as religiously inspired terrorism.[42]	1	0
25 May 2013	La Défense, France	2013 La Défense attack	A French soldier on patrol was stabbed in the neck by a man in La Défense, a business district west of Paris. The attacker fled but was arrested four days later. Europol classified the attack as religiously inspired terrorism.[42] In November 2015, the court declared the attacker not criminally responsible for psychiatric reasons.[43]	0	1

2014

Date	Location	Article	Details	Deaths	Injuries
24 May 2014	Brussels, Belgium	Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting	An attacker opened fire in the Jewish Museum in Brussels, killing four people. On 30 May, Mehdi Nemmouche who in 2013 had fought for Islamists in the Syrian Civil War, was arrested in Marseille and admitted to the shooting.[44][45][10] In March 2019, after a two-month-long trial, he was found guilty of four murders.[46] Europol classified the attack as religiously inspired terrorism, and noted that the attack was the first by a returnee from the Syrian Civil War.[10]	4	0
20 December 2014	Joué-lès-Tours, France	2014 Tours police station stabbing	An attacker entered a police station shouting the Islamic takbir Allahu Akbar ("God is Great"), and attacked officers with a knife, injuring three before he was shot dead.[10][47][48] Europol classified the attack as religiously inspired terrorism.[10]	0 (+1 attacker)	3
21 December 2014	Dijon, France	2014 Dijon attack	An attacker deliberately drove a van into several groups of pedestrians, injuring 11 before being arrested. He shouted Allahu akbar during the attack and stated he was a "warrior for Islam". According to Europol, the attacker may have been only partly motivated by ideology and suffered from schizophrenia, but was nonetheless inspired by the modus operandi recommended in terrorist propaganda.[10]	0	11

2015

According to Europol, terrorist attacks attributed to jihadists in the European Union increased from four in 2014 to seventeen in 2015, while the number of people killed increased from four to 150. Non-EU areas of Europe are not included in the Europol figures.^[49]

In 2015, the terrorist threat level was zero in Poland, on its scale which has four levels plus the "zero level". About 20-40 Polish nationals had travelled to the conflict zone in Syria-Iraq.^[50]

Date	Location	Article	Details	Deaths	Injuries
7–9 January 2015	Île-de-France, France	January 2015 Île-de-France attacks	Terrorist attacks occurred across the Île-de-France region, particularly in Paris. Three attackers killed a total of 17 in four shooting attacks, and police then killed the three assailants.[49][51][52] The main attacks were the Charlie Hebdo shooting and the Porte de Vincennes siege. The organization Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula claimed responsibility and said that the coordinated attacks had been planned for years.[53] Europol classified the attacks as jihadist terrorism.[49]	17 (+3 attackers)	22
3 February 2015	Nice, France	2015 Nice stabbing	Three soldiers, guarding a Jewish community center in Nice, were attacked by a man with a knife. The attacker was arrested by police.[49][54][needs update] Europol classified the attack as jihadist terrorism.[49]	0	3
14–15 February 2015	Copenhagen, Denmark	2015 Copenhagen shootings	A man opened fire at an event at Krudttønden organized by Lars Vilks, known for his controversial drawings of Muhammad. Later, a Jewish man was shot outside the Great Synagogue. The attacker was later shot dead by police.[49][55] Europol classified the attack as jihadist terrorism.[49]	2 (+1 attacker)	6
26 June 2015	Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France	Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack	An attacker beheaded his employer, impaled his head on a fence, and then blew up gas cylinders at a factory by ramming his van into them. The attacker was arrested, but committed suicide by hanging himself in his cell later the same year.[49][54] Europol classified the attack as jihadist terrorism.[49]	1	2
21 August 2015	Oignies, France	2015 Thalys train attack	A man threatened passengers with an assault rifle on a Thalys train between Amsterdam and Paris. One passenger was shot in the neck with a pistol when the rifle jammed.[49][56] Two United States military personnel and their civilian friend overcame the attacker.[57][needs update] Europol classified the attack as jihadist terrorism.[49]	0	3 (+1 attacker)
17 September 2015	Berlin, Germany	Rafik Yousef	A policewoman was critically injured after being stabbed by a man, who was then shot dead by another officer. The attacker, a 41-year-old Iraqi national, was an Islamist who had previously been sent to prison for planning an attack in 2004 against the then Iraqi prime minister, Ayad Allawi.[49][58] Europol classified the attack as jihadist terrorism.[49]	0 (+1 attacker)	1
13–14 November 2015	Paris and Saint-Denis, France	November 2015 Paris attacks	A series of co-ordinated attacks began over about 35 minutes at six locations in central Paris.[49] The first shooting attack occurred in a restaurant and a bar in the 10th arrondissement of Paris. There was shooting and a bomb detonated at Bataclan theatre in the 11th arrondissement during a concert by the Eagles of Death Metal. Approximately 100 hostages were then taken and overall 89 were killed there. Other bombings took place outside the Stade de France stadium in the suburb of Saint-Denis during a football match between France and Germany.[59] Europol classified the attacks as jihadist terrorism.[49]	130 (+7 attackers)	413

2016

In 2016, a total of 135 people were killed in ten completed jihadist attacks in the European Union, according to Europol figures, while 62 others were killed in Turkey and one in Russia. Thirteen attacks were attempted. The number of arrests increased on the previous year, to 718. In France, the number of arrests increased from 377 in 2015 to 429 in 2016. One in four (26%) of those arrested in 2016 were women, an increase from 18% the previous year.^[14] The threat in 2016 consisted of remotely directed individuals operating alone or in small groups. In addition to these, there were those that were inspired by propaganda but not instructed or directed.^[14]

Date	Location	Article	Details	Deaths	Injuries
7 January 2016	Paris, France	January 2016 Paris police station attack	An asylum seeker wielding a knife and a fake bomb vest shouted "Allahu Akbar" outside a police station. He was shot dead by police as he tried to force his way in.[14][54] Europol classified the attack as jihadist terrorism.[14]	0 (+1 attacker)	1
11 January 2016	Marseille, France	–	A 15-year-old Turkish boy, claiming to be "acting in the name of ISIL," attempted to behead a teacher from a Jewish school with a machete.[14][60][61] Europol classified the attack as jihadist terrorism.[14]	0	1
12 January 2016	Istanbul, Turkey	January 2016 Istanbul bombing	A suicide bomber blew himself up in the Sultan Ahmed Mosque district in Istanbul, killing 13 people and wounding another 9, most of whom were foreign tourists. No group claimed responsibility, but Turkish authorities suspected ISIL.[62] Europol classified the attack as jihadist terrorism.[14]	13 (+1 attacker)	9
26 February 2016	Hanover, Germany	Hanover stabbing	A police officer was critically injured in a stabbing attack by a 15-year-old girl. Europol classified the attack as jihadist terrorism.[14]	0	1
19 March 2016	Istanbul, Turkey	March 2016 Istanbul bombing	A suicide bombing took place in Istanbul's Beyoğlu district in front of the district governor's office. The attack occurred at 10:55 (EET) at the intersection of Balo Street with İstiklal Avenue, a central shopping street.[63] Europol classified the attack as jihadist terrorism.[14]	4 (+1 attacker)	36
22 March 2016	Brussels and Zaventem, Belgium	2016 Brussels bombings	Suicide bombers detonated three bombs in Brussels: two at Brussels Airport in Zaventem, and one at Maalbeek metro station. In these attacks, 32 people and the three bombers were killed, and 340 people were injured.[14][64] Europol classified the attacks as jihadist terrorism.[14]	32 (+3 attackers)	340
13 June 2016	Magnanville, France	2016 Magnanville stabbing	An attacker stabbed and killed a police officer in his home, before taking the officer's wife and son hostage. Police raided the house and killed the attacker and found the officer's wife dead but his son alive. ISIL claimed responsibility. Europol classified the attack as jihadist terrorism.[14]	2 (+1 attacker)	0
28 June 2016	Istanbul, Turkey	2016 Atatürk Airport attack	A terrorist attack, consisting of shootings and suicide bombings, occurred on 28 June 2016 at Atatürk Airport in Istanbul, Turkey. Gunmen armed with automatic weapons and explosive belts staged a simultaneous attack at the international terminal of Terminal 2. Forty-five people were killed,[65] in addition to the three attackers, and more than 230 people were injured.[66] Europol classified the attack as jihadist terrorism.[14]	45 (+3 attackers)	230
14 July 2016	Nice, France	2016 Nice truck attack	A Tunisian man, Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel, drove a cargo truck into crowds celebrating Bastille Day on the Promenade des Anglais in Nice, resulting in the death of 86 people and injuring 458. The driver was shot dead by police. ISIL claimed the responsibility for the attack.[14][54][67] Europol classified the attack as jihadist terrorism.[14]	86 (+1 attacker)	458
18 July 2016	Würzburg, Germany	Würzburg train attack	A 17-year-old Afghan asylum seeker attacked passengers on a train with an axe and a knife. The attacker was killed by police.[14][68] Europol classified the attack as jihadist terrorism.[14]	0 (+1 attacker)	5 Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe >Text je dostupný pod licencí Creative Commons Uveďte autora – Zachovejte licenci, případně za dalších podmínek. Podrobnosti naleznete na stránce Podmínky užití. Zdroj: Wikipedia.org - čítajte viac o Islamic terrorism in Europe Navigace: Módní doplňky > Šperkařství Šperky Chytré hodinky Galanterie Hodinářské firmy Hodinky Hodiny Módní doplňky Minerály Pokrývky hlavy Sklářství Zlatníci Zlatnictví Příbuzné výrazy : Řetízek (ozdoba) Šátek Beadweaving Bižuterie Bolo Dřevěný motýlek Deštník Digitálky Fiží Galanterie Hodinky Kšandy Kapesník Korálek Kravata Lanyard Modista Motýlek (oděvní doplněk) Odznak Pléd Placka (odznak) Rukávník Spona na kravatu Sponka do vlasů Tabulky (kolárek) Vějíř Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia. Copyright.sk © 2024