A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
Santali | |
---|---|
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ, সাওঁতালী, ସାନ୍ତାଳୀ, চাওঁতালি | |
Native to | India, Bangladesh, Nepal |
Ethnicity | Santal |
Native speakers | 7.6 million (2011 census[1])[2] |
Austroasiatic
| |
Dialects |
|
Official: Ol Chiki script[3] Others: Bengali-Assamese script,[4] Odia script, Roman script | |
Official status | |
Official language in | India
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | sat |
ISO 639-3 | Either:sat – Santalimjx – Mahali |
Glottolog | sant1410 Santalimaha1291 Mahali |
Part of a series on | |
---|---|
| |
Constitutionally recognised languages of India | |
Category | |
22 Official Languages of the Indian Republic | |
Related | |
Santali (Pronounced: [santaɽi], Ol Chiki: ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ), Bengali: সাঁওতালী, Odia: ସାନ୍ତାଳୀ, Devanagari: सान्ताळी, also known as Santal or Santhali, is the most widely-spoken language of the Munda subfamily of the Austroasiatic languages, related to Ho and Mundari, spoken mainly in the Indian states of Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Mizoram, Odisha, Tripura and West Bengal[5] by Santals. It is a recognised regional language of India per the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.[6] It is spoken by around 7.6 million people in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal, making it the third most-spoken Austroasiatic language after Vietnamese and Khmer.[5]
Santali was a mainly oral language until the development of the Ol Chiki script by Pandit Raghunath Murmu in 1925. Ol Chiki is alphabetic, sharing none of the syllabic properties of the other Indic scripts, and is now widely used to write Santali in India.
History
According to linguist Paul Sidwell, Munda languages probably arrived on the coast of Odisha from Indochina about 4000–3500 years ago, and spread after the Indo-Aryan migration to Odisha.[7]
Until the nineteenth century, Santali had no written language and all shared knowledge was transmitted by word of mouth from generation to generation. European interest in the study of the languages of India led to the first efforts at documenting the Santali language. Bengali, Odia and Roman scripts were first used to write Santali before the 1860s by European anthropologists, folklorists and missionaries including A. R. Campbell, Lars Skrefsrud and Paul Bodding. Their efforts resulted in Santali dictionaries, versions of folk tales, and the study of the morphology, syntax and phonetic structure of the language.
The Ol Chiki script was created for Santali by Mayurbhanj poet Raghunath Murmu in 1925 and first publicised in 1939.[8]
Ol Chiki as a Santali script is widely accepted among Santal communities. Presently in West Bengal, Odisha, and Jharkhand, Ol Chiki is the official script for Santali literature & language.[9][10] However, users from Bangladesh use Bengali script instead.
Santali was honoured in December 2013 when the University Grants Commission of India decided to introduce the language in the National Eligibility Test to allow lecturers to use the language in colleges and universities.[11]
Geographic distribution
The highest concentrations of Santali language speakers are in Santhal Pargana division, as well as East Singhbhum and Seraikela Kharsawan districts of Jharkhand, the Jangalmahals region of West Bengal (Jhargram, Bankura and Purulia districts) and Mayurbhanj district of Odisha.
Smaller pockets of Santali language speakers are found in the northern Chota Nagpur plateau (Hazaribagh, Giridih, Ramgarh, Bokaro and Dhanbad districts), Balesore and Kendujhar districts of Odisha, and throughout western and northern West Bengal (Birbhum, Paschim Medinipur, Hooghly, Paschim Bardhaman, Purba Bardhaman, Malda, Dakshin Dinajpur, Uttar Dinajpur, Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling districts), Banka district and Purnia division of Bihar (Araria, Katihar, Purnia and Kishanganj districts), and tea-garden regions of Assam (Kokrajhar, Sonitpur, Chirang and Udalguri districts). Outside India, the language is spoken in pockets of Rangpur and Rajshahi divisions of northern Bangladesh as well as the Morang and Jhapa districts in the Terai of Province No. 1 in Nepal.[12][13]
Santali is spoken by over seven million people across India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal.[5] According to 2011 census, India has a total of 7,368,192 Santali speakers (including 3,58,579 Karmali, 26,399 Mahli).[14][15] State wise distribution is Jharkhand (2.75 million), West Bengal (2.43 million), Odisha (0.86 million), Bihar (0.46 million), Assam (0.21 million) and a few thousand in each of Chhattisgarh, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura.[16]
Official status
Santali is one of India's 22 scheduled languages.[6] It is also recognised as the additional official language of the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal.[17][18]
Dialects
Dialects of Santali include Kamari-Santali, Khole, Lohari-Santali, Mahali, Manjhi, Paharia.[5][19][20]
Phonology
Consonants
Santali has 21 consonants, not counting the 10 aspirated stops which occur primarily, but not exclusively, in Indo-Aryan loanwords and are given in parentheses in the table below.[21]
Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | (ɳ)* | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Stop | voiceless | p (pʰ) | t (tʰ) | ʈ (ʈʰ) | c (cʰ) | k (kʰ) | |
voiced | b (bʱ) | d (dʱ) | ɖ (ɖʱ) | ɟ (ɟʱ) | ɡ (ɡʱ) | ||
Fricative | s | h | |||||
Trill/Flap | r | ɽ | |||||
Approximant | w | l | j |
In native words, the opposition between voiceless and voiced stops is neutralised in word-final position. A typical Munda feature is that word-final stops are "checked", i. e. glottalised and unreleased.
Vowels
Santali has eight oral and six nasal vowel phonemes. With the exception of /e o/, all oral vowels have a nasalized counterpart.
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i ĩ | u ũ | |
Mid-high | e | ə ə̃ | o |
Mid-low | ɛ ɛ̃ | ɔ ɔ̃ | |
Low | a ã |
There are numerous diphthongs.
Morphology
Santali, like all Munda languages, is a suffixing agglutinating language.
Nouns
Nouns are inflected for number and case.[22]
Number
Three numbers are distinguished: singular, dual and plural.[23]
Singular | ᱥᱮᱛᱟ | 'dog' |
---|---|---|
Dual | ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱼᱠᱤᱱ | 'two dogs' |
Plural | ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱼᱠᱚ | 'dogs' |
Case
The case suffix follows the number suffix. The following cases are distinguished:[24]
Case | Marker | Function |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -Ø | Subject and object |
Genitive | ᱼᱨᱮᱱ (animate) ᱼᱟᱜ, ᱼᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ (inanimate) |
Possessor |
Comitative | ᱼᱴᱷᱮᱱ/ -ᱴᱷᱮᱡ | Goal, place |
Instrumental-Locative | ᱼᱛᱮ | Instrument, cause, motion |
Sociative | ᱼᱥᱟᱶ | Association |
Allative | ᱼᱥᱮᱱ/ᱼᱥᱮᱡ | Direction |
Ablative | ᱼᱠᱷᱚᱱ/ᱼᱠᱷᱚᱡ | Source, origin |
Locative | ᱼᱨᱮ | Spatio-temporal location |
Transcript version:
Case | Marker | Function |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -Ø | Subject and object |
Genitive | -rɛn (animate) -ak', -rɛak' (inanimate) |
Possessor |
Comitative | -ʈhɛn/-ʈhɛc' | Goal, place |
Instrumental-Locative | -tɛ | Instrument, cause, motion |
Sociative | -são | Association |
Allative | -sɛn/-sɛc' | Direction |
Ablative | -khɔn/-khɔc' | Source, origin |
Locative | -rɛ | Spatio-temporal location |
Possession
Santali has possessive suffixes which are only used with kinship terms: 1st person -ɲ, 2nd person -m, 3rd person -t. The suffixes do not distinguish possessor number.[25]
Pronouns
The personal pronouns in Santali distinguish inclusive and exclusive first person and anaphoric and demonstrative third person.[26]
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | exclusive | iɲ | əliɲ | alɛ |
inclusive | alaŋ | abo | ||
2nd person | am | aben | apɛ | |
3rd person | Anaphoric | ac' | əkin | ako |
Demonstrative | uni | unkin | onko |
The interrogative pronouns have different forms for animate ('who?') and inanimate ('what?'), and referential ('which?') vs. non-referential.[27]
Animate | Inanimate | |
---|---|---|
Referential | ɔkɔe | oka |
Non-referential | cele | cet' |
The indefinite pronouns are:[28]
Animate | Inanimate | |
---|---|---|
'any' | jãheã | jãhã |
'some' | adɔm | adɔmak |
'another' | ɛʈak'ic' | ɛʈak'ak' |
The demonstratives distinguish three degrees of deixis (proximate, distal, remote) and simple ('this', 'that', etc.) and particular ('just this', 'just that') forms.[29]
Simple | Particular | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Animate | Inanimate | Animate | Inanimate | |
Proximate | nui | noa | nii | niə |
Distal | uni | ona | ini | inə |
Remote | həni | hana | hini | hinə |
Numerals
The basic cardinal numbers (transcribed into Latin script IPA)[30] are:
1
Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Santali_language >Text je dostupný pod licencí Creative Commons Uveďte autora – Zachovejte licenci, případně za dalších podmínek. Podrobnosti naleznete na stránce Podmínky užití. Zdroj: Wikipedia.org - čítajte viac o Santali language
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative
Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších
podmienok. |
---|