Timeline of events in the Cold War - Wiki slovník

This is a timeline of the main events of the Cold War, a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union, its allies in the Warsaw Pact and later the People's Republic of China).

1940s

1945

February 4–11: The Yalta Conference in Crimea, RSFSR, with US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, and their top aides. Main attention is deciding the post-war status of Germany. The Allies of World War II (the United States, the Soviet Union, United Kingdom and also France) divide Germany into four occupation zones. The Allied nations agree that free elections are to be held in Poland and all countries occupied by Nazi Germany. In addition, the new United Nations are to replace the failed League of Nations.^[1]
March 6: The Soviet Union installs a puppet government in Romania.^[2]
March 7: Josip Broz Tito is installed as the head of the provisional government of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia.^[3]
March–April: U.S. and Britain outraged as Stalin excludes them from a role in Poland and turns Poland over to a Communist puppet government he controls.^[4]
March–April: Stalin is outraged at inaccurate reports about Operation Sunrise that American Office of Strategic Services in Switzerland is negotiating a surrender of German forces; he demands a Soviet general be present at all negotiations. Roosevelt vehemently denies the allegation but closes down the operation in Switzerland. A Soviet general is present at the negotiations in northern Italy that lead to surrender.^[5]
April 12: Roosevelt dies; Vice President Harry S. Truman takes over with little knowledge of current diplomatic efforts, no knowledge of the atomic bomb, and a bias against Russia.^[6]
May 2: The Italian Civil War ends.
July 24: Potsdam Conference - At the Potsdam Conference, Truman informs Stalin that the United States has nuclear weapons.^[7]
August 6: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - Truman follows the advice of Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson and gives permission for the world's first military use of an atomic weapon, against the Japanese city of Hiroshima.
August 8: The USSR honors its agreement to declare war on Japan within three months of the victory in Europe, and invades Manchuria.
August 9: With no Japanese response to his ultimatums, Truman gives permission for the world's second and last military use of an atomic weapon, against the Japanese city of Nagasaki.
August 12: Japanese forces in Korea surrender to Soviet and American armies.
August 17: Proclamation of Indonesian Independence - Indonesia declares its independence from the Dutch. This marked the beginning of the Indonesian National Revolution.
August 19–September 1: The Viet Minh seizes control of Hanoi after the surrender of the Japanese military. Its leader, Ho Chi Minh, proclaims the independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam.^[3]
September 2: Surrender of Japan - The Japanese surrender unconditionally to the United States. General Douglas MacArthur presides over the occupation of Japan, and freezes out Russian and other allied representatives.^[8]
September 5: Igor Gouzenko, a Soviet agent working in the Soviet embassy in Canada, defects and provides proof to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police of a Soviet spy ring operating in Canada and the U.S. The revelations help change perceptions of the Soviet Union from an ally to a foe.^[9]
October 25: Taiwan is transferred to the Republic of China from Japan.^[10] Initially the public is supportive of the transfer but later becomes less so as the newly appointed governor, General Chen Yi gains a reputation for being corrupt and mismanaging the island. Economic problems also occur as the governor extends the scope of the government monopoly over Taiwan's resources in order to sell these goods to the mainland to help fight the Communist forces. The conditions on the island later contribute to the February 28 incident.^[11]
November: Iran crisis of 1946 - Stalin refuses to relinquish Soviet-occupied territory in Iran, beginning the Iran Crisis. Two short-lived pro-Soviet states, the Azerbaijan People's Government and the Republic of Mahabad, are formed.

1946

January: Chinese Civil War resumed between Communist and Nationalist forces.
January 7: The Republic of Austria is reconstituted, with its 1937 borders, but divided into four zones of control: American, British, French, and Soviet.
January 11: Enver Hoxha declares the People's Republic of Albania, with himself as Prime Minister.
February 9: Joseph Stalin makes his Election Speech, in which he states that capitalism and imperialism make future wars inevitable.^[12]
February 22: George F. Kennan writes his Long Telegram, describing his interpretation of the objectives and intentions of the Soviet leadership.^[13]
March: The Greek Civil War reignites between the communists and the Kingdom of Greece.
March 2: British soldiers withdraw from their zone of occupation in southern Iran. Soviet soldiers remain in their northern sector.
March 5: Winston Churchill warns of the descent of an Iron Curtain across Europe. Named by Winston Churchill, the aim of the Iron Curtain was to create a divide between the developing countries in Europe and the ones still under political influence and dictatorship (Soviet Union).^[14]
May 26: The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, alongside the Communist Party of Slovakia, receive 38 percent of the vote in the 1946 parliamentary election, becoming the largest party in the Constituent National Assembly.
June 2: Following a referendum, the Italian Republic is born.
July 4: The Philippines gains independence from the United States, and begins fighting communist Huk rebels (Hukbalahap Rebellion). The Telangana Rebellion occurred in India.
September 6: In a speech known as the Restatement of Policy on Germany in Stuttgart, James F. Byrnes, United States Secretary of State repudiates the Morgenthau Plan. He states the US intention to keep troops in Europe indefinitely and expresses US approval of the territorial annexation of 29% of pre-war Germany, but does not condone further claims.
September 8: In a referendum, Bulgaria votes for the establishment of a People's Republic, deposing King Simeon II. Western countries dismiss the vote as fundamentally flawed.^[15]
September 24: Harry S. Truman is presented with the Clifford-Elsey Report, a document which lists Soviet violations of agreements with the United States.
September 27: Nikolai Vasilevich Novikov writes a response to Kennan's Long Telegram, known as the 'Novikov Telegram', in which he states that the United States were "striving for world supremacy".^[16]
December 15: The Soviet Union withdraws from Iran. Both the Azerbaijan People's Government and the Republic of Mahabad are dissolved.
December 19: French landings in Indochina begin the First Indochina War. They are resisted by the Viet Minh communists, who want national independence.

1947

January 1: The American and British zones of control in Germany are united to form the Bizone, also known as Bizonia.
February 10: Establishment of the neutral state Free Territory of Trieste.
February 25: Prussia was de jure abolished.
February 27: The February 28 incident begins in Taiwan lasting until mid-March.^[17]
March 7: Paraguayan Civil War begins.
March 12: President Harry Truman announces the Truman Doctrine starting with the giving of aid to Greece and Turkey in order to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere.
April 16: Bernard Baruch, in a speech given during the unveiling of his portrait in the South Carolina House of Representatives, coins the term "Cold War" to describe relations between the United States and the Soviet Union.^[18]
May 22: US extends $400 million of military aid to Greece and Turkey, signalling its intent to contain communism in the Mediterranean.
June 5: Secretary of State George Marshall outlines plans for a comprehensive program of economic assistance for the war-ravaged countries of Western Europe. It would become known throughout the world as the Marshall Plan.
July 11: The US announces new occupation policies in Germany. The occupation directive JCS 1067, whose economic section had prohibited "steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany designed to maintain or strengthen the German economy", is replaced by the new US occupation directive JCS 1779 which instead notes that "An orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany."
August 14: Partition of India: Pakistan gains independence from the United Kingdom.
August 15: Partition of India: India gains independence from the United Kingdom.
September: The Soviet Union forms the Communist Information Bureau (COMINFORM) with which it dictates the actions of leaders and communist parties across its spheres of influence.
October 20: Stanisław Mikołajczyk, leader of the non-communist Polish People's Party, flees the country ahead of impending arrest. Organized, legal political opposition to Polish communism is effectively at an end.
November 14: The United Nations passes a resolution calling for the withdrawal of foreign soldiers from Korea, free elections in each of the two administrations, and the creation of a UN commission dedicated to the unification of the peninsula.
November 29: The United Nations Partitions Palestine.
November 30: 1947–1949 War and Civil War in Palestine.
December 30: In Romania, King Michael I of Romania is forced to abdicate by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, the monarchy is abolished and the Romanian People's Republic is instituted instead. The Communist Party would rule the country until December 1989.

1948

January 5: Burma (today Myanmar) becomes independent from the UK through the Burma Independence Act 1947.
January 30: Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated.
February 25: The Communist Party takes control in the Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948.
March 10: Czechoslovak Foreign Minister Jan Masaryk is reported having committed suicide.
March 12: The Costa Rican Civil War begins.
April 3: Truman signs the Marshall Plan into effect. By the end of the programs, the United States has given $12.4 billion in economic assistance to Western European countries.
April 9: La Violencia begins in Colombia between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party.
May 10: A parliamentary vote in southern Korea sees the confirmation of Syngman Rhee as President of the Republic of Korea, after a left-wing boycott.
May 14: The State of Israel is formed, with David Ben-Gurion as its first Prime Minister.
May 15: 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
June 12: Mátyás Rákosi becomes General Secretary of the Hungarian Working People's Party and, therefore, the de facto leader of Communist Hungary.
June 18: A communist insurgency in Malaya begins against British and Commonwealth forces.
June 21: In Germany, the British zone and the French zone launch a common currency, the Deutsche Mark.
June 24: Stalin orders the Berlin Blockade, closing all land routes from West Germany to Berlin, in an attempt to starve out the French, British, and American forces from the city. In response, the three Western powers launch the Berlin Airlift to supply the citizens of Berlin by air.
June 28: The Soviet Union expels Yugoslavia from the Communist Information Bureau (COMINFORM) for the latter's position on the Greek Civil War.
June 28: Stalin attempts to starve West Berlin with a blockade. The Berlin Airlift begins.
August 15: The United States declares the Republic of Korea to be the legitimate government of the Korean Peninsula, with Syngman Rhee installed as the leader.
September 9: The Soviet Union declares the Democratic People's Republic of Korea to be the legitimate government of all of the Korean Peninsula, with Kim Il Sung installed as the leader.
September 11: Muhammad Ali Jinnah dies.
September 13: India annexes Hyderabad under the code name, Operation Polo.
September 18: In Indonesia, the Madiun Affair, an uprising carried out by the People's Democratic Front (FDR), begins led by Musso, of the Communist Party of Indonesia. The uprising ends after three months when the Indonesian army captures and kills most of the rebels.
November 20: The American consul and his staff in Mukden, China, are made virtual hostages by communist forces in China. The crisis does not end until a year later, by which time U.S. relations with the new communist government in China had been seriously damaged.

1949

January 5–8: The Council for Economic Mutual Assistance (Comecon) formed.
April 4: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is founded by Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States, in order to resist Communist expansion.
May 11: The Soviet blockade of Berlin ends with the re-opening of access routes to Berlin. The airlift continues until September, in case the Soviets re-establish the blockade. Brune argues, "Moscow realized the blockade had nor been successful – it had drawn the Western powers closer together rather than dividing them. Finally, Western countermeasures had inflicted considerable damage on the economic life of East Germany and the other Soviet satellites."^[19]
May 23: In Germany, the Bizone merges with the French zone of control to form the Federal Republic of Germany, with Bonn as its capital.
August 29: The Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb. The test, known to Americans as Joe 1, succeeds, as the Soviet Union becomes the world's second nuclear power.^[20]
September 13: The USSR vetoes the United Nations membership of Ceylon, Finland, Iceland, Italy, Jordan, and Portugal.
September 15: Konrad Adenauer becomes the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany.^[21]
October 1: Mao Zedong declares the foundation of the People's Republic of China,^[22] adding a quarter of the world's population to the communist camp.^{[citation needed]}
October 7: The Soviets declare their zone of Germany to be the German Democratic Republic, with its capital at East Berlin.
October 16: Nikos Zachariadis, leader of the Communist Party of Greece, declares an end to the armed uprising. The declaration brings to a close the Greek Civil War, and the first successful containment of communism.
December 27: Sovereignty is handed over to United States of Indonesia from the Netherlands following the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference with Sukarno as the first president of the newly formed federation.^[23]

1950s

1950

January 5: the UK recognizes the People's Republic of China. The Republic of China severs diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom.
January 19: China officially diplomatically recognizes Vietnam as independent from France.
January 21: the last Kuomintang soldiers surrender on continental China.
January 31: President Truman announces the beginning of the development of a hydrogen bomb.^[24]
February 3: Soviet Union establishes diplomatic relations with the Indonesia through an exchange of telegrams between Indonesian Vice-president, Mohammad Hatta and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrey Vyshinsky.
February 9: Senator Joseph McCarthy first claims without evidence that Communists have infiltrated the U.S. State Department, leading to a controversial series of anti-Communist investigations in the United States.^[25]
February 12: the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China sign a pact of mutual defense.
March 11: Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek moves his capital to Taipei, Taiwan, establishing a stand-off with the People's Republic of China.
April 7: United States State Department Director of Policy Planning Paul Nitze issues NSC 68, a classified report, arguing for the adoption of containment as the cornerstone of United States foreign policy. It would dictate US policy for the next twenty years.
May 11: Robert Schuman describes his ambition of a united Europe. Known as the Schuman Declaration, it marks the beginning of the creation of the European Community.
June 25: North Korea invades South Korea, beginning the Korean War. The United Nations Security Council votes to intervene to defend the South. The Soviet Union cannot veto, as it is boycotting the Security Council over the admission of People's Republic of China.
July 4: United Nations forces engage North Korean forces for the first time, in Osan. They fail to halt the North Korean advance, and fall southwards, towards what would become the Pusan Perimeter.
September 30: United Nations forces land at Inchon. Defeating the North Korean forces, they press inland and re-capture Seoul.
October 2: United Nations forces cross the 38th parallel, into North Korea.
October 6: Forces from the People's Republic of China enter Tibet, with the goal of annexing the region into China itself.
October 22: Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea, falls to United Nations forces.
October 22: China intervenes in Korea with 300,000 soldiers, catching the United Nations by surprise. However, they withdraw after initial engagements.
November 15: United Nations forces approach the Yalu River. In response, China intervenes in Korea again, but with a 500,000 strong army. This offensive forces the United Nations back towards South Korea.

1951

January 4: Chinese soldiers capture Seoul.
March 14: United Nations forces recapture Seoul during Operation Ripper. By the end of March, they have reached the 38th Parallel, and formed a defensive line across the Korean peninsula.
March 29: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are convicted of espionage for their role in passing atomic secrets to the Soviets during and after World War II; they were executed on June 19, 1953.
April 11: U.S. President Harry S. Truman fires Douglas MacArthur from command of US forces in Korea due to him demanding nuclear weapons to be used on the enemy.

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