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The international activities of Al-Qaeda includes involvements in Europe, where members of the group have been involved in militant and terrorist activities in several countries. Al-Qaeda has been responsible for or involved in attacks in Western Europe and Russia, including the 2004 Madrid train bombings,[1] 2010 Moscow Metro bombings,[2] 2011 Domodedovo International Airport bombing,[3] and the January 2015 Île-de-France attacks.[4]
Eastern Europe
North Caucasus
Al-Qaeda linked militants organized around the Caucasus Emirate have been involved in the Second Chechen War and the Insurgency in the North Caucasus. In August 2009 it was reported that during a raid the Russian police had killed an Algerian-born militant in Dagestan who according to the Federal Security Service, was "the Al-Qaeda co-ordinator in Dagestan". The militant was an Algerian national known as "Doctor Mohammed" and was thought to be a member of the 'Jamaat Shariat of Dagestan'[5][6]
In 2010, Russian police shot and killed a militant in the Russian republic of Dagestan. The man was later determined to be one of the co-founders of the North Caucasus branch of al-Qaeda. The man's name was Mohamed Shaaban.[citation needed]
Northern Europe
Sweden
On 11 December 2010, a man linked to Al-Qaeda exploded a car bomb and a suicide bomb in Stockholm, killing only himself and injuring two others. Firefighters reported that the car had a gas cylinder, resulting in further explosions.[7] He was later revealed to be Taimour Abdulwahab al-Abdaly, an Iraqi man,[8] who was born in Baghdad and was granted Swedish citizenship in 1992.[9]
United Kingdom
In 2003 Tony Blair sent armoured vehicles and hundreds of troops to London Heathrow Airport because the UK security services claimed there was a planned Al-Qaeda attack.[10] MI5 said they received detailed intelligence in February 2003 about a plot to hijack planes flying from Eastern Europe and to fly them into Heathrow, to punish the United Kingdom for supporting the Iraq War.[10]
The men behind the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot reportedly had links to al-Qaeda.[11] MI5, Britain's secret service, accused the militant Islamic organisation of committing the attack. Osama bin Laden also made a video of the suicide bombing.[12] U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Secretary Chertoff was clearly accusing al-Qaeda.[13] In September 2009, Tanvir Hussain, Assad Sarwar and Ahmed Abdullah Ali were convicted of conspiring to activate bombs disguised as drinks on aircraft leaving from London and going to North America.[14][15][16] British and US security officials said the plan – unlike many recent homegrown European terrorist plots – was directly linked to al-Qaeda and guided by senior Islamist militants in Pakistan.[17][18][19][20][21]
Southern Europe
Bosnian War
During the Bosnian War in the early 1990s, al-Qaeda is considered to have been involved with organising volunteers for the Bosnian mujahideen.[22][23] Al-Qaeda leaders including Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri are thought to have visited camps in Bosnia during the war.[24] The volunteer mujahideen from all over the world flocked there, including France, Indonesia, Iraq, Malaysia, Morocco, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Thailand, the United Kingdom, the United States and Yemen.[25]
Italy
In May 2009 two French nationals were detained by Italian police due to suspected immigration offences however they are now suspected of being key Al-Qaeda figures. It is thought that they had planned to attack Charles de Gaulle airport in Paris, France. Italian police stated that they are "two leading men for the communication of al-Qaeda in Europe".[26]
In 2012, a pentito of the Camorra stated that, the criminal organisation was in contact with members of Al-Qaeda and aware of incoming terrorist attacks. The organisation was informed that "something involving airplanes would have happened" and that Al-Qaeda was planning a train bombing in Spain.[27]
In 2015, the Vatican was listed as a possible target for an attack by people associated with al-Qaeda.[28]
Kosovo War
Islamist elements in the Kosovo Liberation Army during the Kosovo War from Western Europe of ethnic Albanian, Turkish, and North African origin, were organised by Islamic leaders in Western Europe allied to Bin Laden and Zawahiri.[29]
SHISH's head Fatos Klosi had said that Osama was running a terror network in Albania to take part in the war under the disguise of a humanitarian organisation reportedly started in 1994. Claude Kader who was a member testified its existence during his trial.[30] In 2001, the official Belgrade news agency, Tanjug, reported that the "terrorist and fanatical Islamist" Osama bin Laden, had come from Albania to use his armer forces of 500 Islamic militants in Kosovo around Korce and Pogradec to "commit terrorist acts."[31]
Spain
The 11 March 2004 train bombings in Madrid killed 191 people and wounded more than 2,000. The terror cell had links to Al-Qaeda[32] and the affiliated Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group (GICM). It was the violent start of the new Al-Qaeda. The new Islamic terrorist organization was already made up of jihadist organisations dependent on Osama Bin Laden, who made their own decisions.[33] It was the worst Islamist attack in European history.[34][35][36] On 2 August 2012 three members of Al-Qaeda were arrested in Ciudad Real and Cadiz, suspected of planning attacks in Spain and other European countries. There was an intended attempt at a mall in Cadiz with teleridigidas aircraft loaded with explosives. At the time of the arrest of one of the jihadists who opposed a "huge resistance, using their military training" were eliminated by the police.[37]
Western Europe
A Europe-wide terror plot against the 1998 FIFA World Cup had the backing of bin Laden and Al-Qaeda.[38][39][40] Preparations for an act of terrorism against the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France were completed by European law enforcement agencies between March and May 1998. The assassination was orchestrated by the Algerian Armed Islamic Group (GIA)[41] along with Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden. More than 100 people had been arrested in seven countries as a result of the investigation.[42]
In December 2000, the "Frankfurt Group", an Al-Qaeda cell consisting of more than ten terrorists from Germany, France and the United Kingdom led by bin Laden deputy Mohammed Bensakhria was rounded up by law enforcement.[43] The group had planned to bomb the Strasbourg Cathedral on New Year's Eve.[44][45]
France
In October 2009 a physicist of Algerian descent working for CERN was arrested due to his links with Al-Qaeda.[46] Officials said he had been in contact with people linked to Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and planned attacks.[46] He later admitted to corresponding with Al-Qaeda members located in North Africa over the Internet.[47]
In January 2015, Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula was responsible for coordinated attacks in Paris, including the Charlie Hebdo shooting, killing several people.[4][48]
Germany
In September 2009 security measures were heightened in response to a direct threat against Germany, through an Al-Qaeda video, the threat came about due to German participation in the Afghanistan war[49][50][51] Osama bin Laden stated:[52][53]
It is shameful to be part of an alliance whose leader does not care about spilling the blood of human beings by bombing villages intentionally. If you had seen of your American allies and their helpers in northern Afghanistan ... then you would understand the bloody events in Madrid and London,[54]
See also
External links
- Foiled Plot Offers Clues to Recent Absence of Major Terror Attacks on West, Wednesday, 9 Sept. 2009 Archived 14 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- Al-Qaida's jihad in Europe: the Afghan-Bosnian network By Evan Kohlmann
Further reading
- Al Qaeda in Europe: The New Battleground of International Jihad, by Steven Emerson (Foreword), Lorenzo Vidino (Author). ISBN 978-1-59102-433-0.[55]
- Al-Qaida's Jihad in Europe: The Afghan-Bosnian Network, by Evan F. Kohlmann. ISBN 978-1-85973-807-8.[56]
References
- ^ "Full text: 'Al-Qaeda' Madrid claim". BBC News. 14 March 2004. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ "Chechen rebel claims Metro blasts". BBC News. 31 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2 April 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
- ^ Steve Rosenberg (8 February 2011). "Chechen warlord Doku Umarov admits Moscow airport bomb". BBC News.
- ^ a b "Al Qaeda in Yemen Claims Charlie Hebdo Attack". Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
- ^ "Russia 'kills al-Qaeda operative'". BBC News. 31 August 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ "Al-Qaeda seeks foothold in North Caucasus". Janes.com. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ Hanson, Matilda E. (11 December 2010). "Man sprängde sig själv i Stockholm". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). ISSN 1101-2412. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
- ^ Paige, Jonathan (12 December 2010). "Stockholm suicide bomber: Taimour Abdulwahab al-Abdaly profile". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
- ^ Burns, John F.; Somaiya, Ravi (13 December 2010). "Police Say Early Detonation of Bomb Averted Disaster in Sweden (Published 2010)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
- ^ a b "The Times Al-Qaeda's Heathrow jet plot revealed". The Times. UK. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ "Security chief: Airline terror plot 'close to execution'". CNN. Archived from the original on 25 August 2010.
- ^ Natta, Don Van Jr.; Sciolino, Elaine; Grey, Stephen (28 August 2006). "Details Emerge in British Terror Case (Published 2006)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ "CNN.com - Agent infiltrated terror cell, U.S. says - Aug 11, 2006". CNN. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ "Three Britons found guilty of transatlantic jet bombing plot". The News International. Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ "UK | Three guilty of airline bomb plot". BBC News. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ "Al Qaeda podría intentar otro atentado con aviones comerciales en Occidente". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 9 September 2009. Archived from the original on 13 September 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ "UK court convicts 3 of plot to blow up airliners International". The Jerusalem Post. Associated Press. 7 September 2009. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ Sandford, Daniel (7 September 2009). "UK | Airline plot: Al-Qaeda connection". BBC News. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ Do G1, com agências internacionais. "Três britânicos são condenados por ter planejado explodir aviões em 2006" (in Portuguese). G1.globo.com. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Plano para atacar aviões teria elo com Al-Qaeda paquistanesa" (in Portuguese). Noticias.terra.com.br. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ "Beramers vliegtuigaanslagen veroordeeld" (in Dutch). Knack.be. 29 December 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ Shrader, Charles R. (2003). The Muslim-Croat Civil War in Central Bosnia: A Military History, 1992-1994. Texas A&M University Press. p. 52. ISBN 9781585442614.
- ^ PBS Newshour with Jim Lehrer Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, A New Constitution for Bosnia, 22 November 2005
- ^ Atwan, Abdel Bari (2012). The Secret History of al Qaeda. Saqi. p. 155. ISBN 9780863568435.
- ^ "It's no wonder today's jihadis have set out on the path to war in". The Independent. 7 September 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ "Italy arrests 'al-Qaeda plotters'". BBC News. 12 May 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ ""11 settembre, camorra informata in anticipo dell'attentato" Leggi il racconto choc del pentito". Il Mattino (in Italian). Naples, Italy: Caltagirone Editore. Archived from the original on 13 June 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
- ^ Greg Botelho, Don Melvin and Hada Messia (24 April 2015). "Italy: Suspects discussed Vatican attack". CNN. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
- ^ Yossef Bodansky (4 May 2011). Bin Laden: The Man Who Declared War on America. Crown Publishing Group. pp. 398–403. ISBN 978-0-307-79772-8.
- ^ "Bin Laden, Albania Link Reported". AP NEWS.
- ^ "Behind the Headlines". antiwar.com. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ "Madrid train bombings of 2004 | Description & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ "The New Al-Qaeda: Madrid bombings". 21 July 2005. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ Judgment of the attacks Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. El país, 2008.
- ^ Al Qaeda claimed the attacks in Madrid. 20 minutos, 2007.
- ^ "Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group". Stanford University. 6 August 2012.
- ^ . BBC News, 2012.
- ^ Cull, Nicholas J. (2003). "Osama bin Laden". In Cull, Nicholas John; Culbert, David Holbrook; Welch, David (eds.). Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 222. ISBN 9781576078204.
- ^ "European Police Raids Target World Cup Terrorist Threat". Los Angeles Times. 27 May 1998. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
- ^ "1998 Global Terrorism: Europe Overview". fas.org. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
- ^ "Spanish police arrest Bin Laden suspect". The Guardian. 23 June 2001. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ FFI Rapport
- ^ Tremlett, Giles (23 June 2001). "Spanish police arrest Bin Laden suspect". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
- ^ "Five Linked to Al Qaeda Face Trial in Germany". The Washington Post. 15 April 2002.
- ^ "Chronology: The Plots". PBS Frontline. 25 January 2005.
- ^ a b "Scientist on French terror charge". BBC News. 12 October 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ "JPost – French physicist admits to emailing al-Qaida". The Jerusalem Post. Associated Press. Retrieved 4 January 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Charlie Hebdo shooting | Facts, Victims, & Response". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
- ^ "Germany on edge after fourth consecutive al-Qaeda bomb attack warning". The Times. UK. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ Gardner, Frank (22 September 2009). "Europe | Al-Qaeda video threat to Germany". BBC News. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ Issn 1999-8414), Andreas Klamm, Journalist (3mnewswire org / Mjb Mission News (26 September 2009). "German Elections: Osama Bin Laden and the Al Qaeda Network Threatens Germany". John Baptist Mission international (Togo, Africa). Retrieved 3 November 2020.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Bin Laden demands Europe withdraw Afghanistan troops". Reuters. 25 September 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
- ^ "Bin Laden demands Europe withdraw Afghanistan troops". Reuters. 25 September 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ "South Asia | 'Bin Laden' urges Afghan pull-out". BBC News. 25 September 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ Al Qaeda in Europe: The New Battleground of International Jihad. ASIN 1591024331.
- ^ Hafez, Mohammed (3 December 2004). Al-Qaida's Jihad in Europe: The Afghan-Bosnian Network. ISBN 1859738079.
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Al-Qaeda
Western Europe
Russia
2004 Madrid train bombings
2010 Moscow Metro bombings
Domodedovo International Airport bombing
January 2015 Île-de-France attacks
Caucasus Emirate
Insurgency in the North Caucasus
Second Chechen War
Russia
Algeria
Dagestan
Federal Security Service (Russia)
Shariat Jamaat
Wikipedia:Citation needed
2010 Stockholm bombings
Baghdad
Sweden
Tony Blair
London Heathrow Airport
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Heathrow Airport
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MI5
Osama bin Laden
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Yemen
Italy
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Paris
Pentito
Camorra
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Kosovo War
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SHISH
Albania
Humanitarian organisation
Belgrade
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Tanjug
Osama bin Laden
Albania
Kosovo
Korçë
Pogradec
2004 Madrid train bombings
Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group
Madrid
Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group
Ciudad Real
Cádiz
Spain
Cadiz
1998 World Cup terror plot
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Algerian Armed Islamic Group
Osama bin Laden
Mohammed Bensakhria
Strasbourg Cathedral bombing plot
Algerian people
CERN
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January 2015 Île-de-France attacks
Charlie Hebdo shooting
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2004 Madrid train bombings
7 July 2005 London bombings
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Al-Qaeda
List of al-Qaeda members
Saif al-Adel
Abd al-Rahman al-Maghribi
Ahmad Umar Abu Ubaidah
Iyad Ag Ghaly
Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil
Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi
Ali Sayyid Muhamed Mustafa al-Bakri
Ibrahim al-Banna
Ibrahim al Qosi
Abu Walid al-Masri
Mohammed Showqi Al-Islambouli
Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir
Fuad Qalaf
Jehad Mostafa
Abu Humam al-Shami
Sami al-Oraydi
Osama bin Laden
Killing of Osama bin Laden
Ayman al-Zawahiri
Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri
Mohammed Atef
Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi
Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil
Haitham al-Yemeni
Abu Hamza Rabia
Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah
Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
Omar al-Faruq
Haitham al-Badri
Abu Yaqub al-Masri
Abu Talha al-Sudani
Abu Laith al-Libi
Abu Sulayman Al-Jazairi
Midhat Mursi
Mohamed Moumou
Khalid Habib
Abu Ghadiya
Abu Zubair al-Masri
Rashid Rauf
Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim
Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam
Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan
Saad bin Laden
Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan
Abdullah Said al Libi
Saleh al-Somali
Saeed al-Masri
Hamza al-Jawfi
Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali
Mohamed Abul-Khair
Sheikh Fateh
Huthaifa al-Batawi
Ilyas Kashmiri
Fazul Abdullah Mohammed
Atiyah Abd al-Rahman
Anwar al-Awlaki
Samir Khan
Tariq al-Dahab
Muhammad Sa'id Ali Hasan
Fahd al-Quso
Abu Yahya al-Libi
Hassan Ghul
Abu-Zaid al Kuwaiti
Said Ali al-Shihri
Farman Ali Shinwari
Abdelhamid Abou Zeid
Ibrahim Haji Jama Mee'aad
Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki
Said Bahaji
Abu Khalid al-Suri
Omar Ould Hamaha
Ahmed Abdi Godane
Abu Yusuf Al-Turki
Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah
Adam Yahiye Gadahn
Harith bin Ghazi al-Nadhari
Othman Ahmad Othman al-Ghamdi
Ibrahim Sulayman Muhammad al-Rubaysh
Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi
Nasir al-Wuhayshi
Muhsin al-Fadhli
Abu Khalil al-Madani
Matiur Rehman
Abu Firas al-Suri
Ahmed Refai Taha
Mokhtar Belmokhtar
Abu Khayr al-Masri
Ibrahim al-Asiri
Hamza bin Laden
Sari Shihab
Asim Umar
Qasim al-Raymi
Abdelmalek Droukdel
Khalid al-Aruri
Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah
Abu Muhsin al-Masri
Mamdouh Mahmud Salim
Wadih el-Hage
Khalid al-Fawwaz
Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
Walid bin Attash
Riduan Isamuddin
Ali al-Bahlul
Ahmed Ghailani
Abu Faraj al-Libbi
Mustafa Setmariam Nasar
Abdul Hadi al Iraqi
Muhammad Jafar Jamal al-Kahtani
Mohamed Atiq Awayd Al Harbi
Younis al-Mauritani
Sulaiman Abu Ghaith
Abu Anas al-Libi
Muhanad Mahmoud Al Farekh
Mukhtar Robow
Amin al-Haq
Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri
Abu Ubaidah al-Masri
Mahfouz Ould al-Walid
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Abu Mohammad al-Julani
Abu Maria al-Qahtani
Ahmad Salama Mabruk
Abu Omar al-Turkistani
Abu Sulayman al-Muhajir
Khalid Batarfi
Timeline of Al-Qaeda attacks
1998 United States embassy bombings
USS Cole bombing
September 11 attacks
2002 Bali bombings
2004 Madrid train bombings
7 July 2005 London bombings
December 11, 2007 Algiers bombings
2008 Danish embassy bombing in Islamabad
Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing
In Amenas hostage crisis
Westgate shopping mall attack
Charlie Hebdo shooting
Garissa University College attack
2015 Bamako hotel attack
2016 Ouagadougou attacks
2016 Grand-Bassam shootings
2016 Bamako attack
Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting
Soviet–Afghan War
Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)
Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)
First Chechen War
Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)
Second Chechen War
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Iraq War
Somali Civil War
War in North-West Pakistan
Drone strikes in Pakistan
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
Syrian civil war
Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
Houthi insurgency
Al-Shabaab (militant group)
Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
Egyptian Islamic Jihad
Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent
Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin
Hurras al-Din
Benevolence International Foundation
Al-Haramain Foundation
Al Qaeda Handbook
Al Neda
As-Sahab
Fatawā of Osama bin Laden
Inspire (magazine)
Al-Khansaa (magazine)
Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit
Management of Savagery
Voice of Jihad
Qaedat al-Jihad
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