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A Lutheran chorale is a musical setting of a Lutheran hymn, intended to be sung by a congregation in a German Protestant Church service. The typical four-part setting of a chorale, in which the sopranos (and the congregation) sing the melody along with three lower voices, is known as a chorale harmonization.
Lutheran hymns
Starting in 1523, Martin Luther began translating worship texts into German from the Latin.[1] He composed melodies for some hymns himself, such as "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" ("A Mighty Fortress Is Our God"), and even a few harmonized settings.[2] For other hymns he adapted Gregorian chant melodies used in Catholic worship to fit new German texts, sometimes using the same melody more than once.[citation needed] For example, he fitted the melody of the hymn "Veni redemptor gentium" to three different texts, "Verleih uns Frieden gnädiglich", "Erhalt uns, Herr, bei deinem Wort", and "Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland".[1] The first Lutheran hymns were published in 1524.[3] These included the Achtliederbuch (known as the first Lutheran hymnal) and the Erfurt Enchiridion (both with unaccompanied melodic settings), as well as Johann Walter's Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn, the first to contain part song settings of Lutheran hymns.[1][4]
Luther and his contemporaries referred to these vernacular hymns as geistliche Lieder (spiritual songs), Psalmen (psalms), christliche Lieder (Christian songs), and geistliche (or christliche) Gesänge or Kirchengesänge. The German word Choral, which was originally used to describe Latin plainchant melodies, was first applied to the Lutheran hymn only in the later sixteenth century.[1]
In the modern era, many Lutheran hymns are used in Protestant worship, sometimes sung in four-part harmony.[citation needed]
Composers
This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2020) |
Composers of tunes for Lutheran hymns, or who adopted such tunes in their compositions:
- Martin Luther (1483–1546)
- Johann Walter (1496–1570)
- Sebald Heyden (1499–1561)
- Nikolaus Herman (c. 1500–1561)
- Johannes Hermann (1515–1593)
- Nikolaus Selnecker (1530–1592)
- Cyriakus Schneegass (1546–1597)
- Joachim a Burck (1546–1610)
- Philipp Nicolai (1556–1608)
- Bartholomäus Gesius (c. 1562–1613)
- Michael Praetorius (1571–1621)
- Melchior Franck (c. 1579–1639)
- Melchior Teschner (1584–1635)
- Michael Altenburg (1584–1640)
- Heinrich Schütz (1585–1672)
- Johann Hermann Schein (1586–1630)
- Samuel Scheidt (1587–1654)
- Johann Schop (c. 1590–1667)
- Heinrich Scheidemann (c. 1595–1663)
- Johann Crüger (1598–1662)
- Andreas Hammerschmidt (1611/1612–1675)
- Dieterich Buxtehude (c. 1638–1707)
- Gottfried Vopelius (1645–1715)
- Johann Pachelbel (1653–1706)
- Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) harmonised hundreds of chorales, typically used at the end of his cantatas and concluding scenes in his Passions. In his St Matthew Passion, he set five stanzas of "O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden" in four different ways. He also used hymns as the base for his cycle of chorale cantatas and chorale preludes. Bach concentrated on the chorales especially in the Chorale cantatas of his second annual cycle, composed mostly in 1724/25.
- Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847)
- Anton Bruckner (1824–1896).[5]
- Johannes Brahms (1833–1897)
- Max Reger (1873–1916)
- Sigfrid Karg-Elert (1877–1933)
- Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971)
- Ernst Pepping (1901–1981)
- Hugo Distler (1908–1942)
- Sofia Gubaidulina (b. 1931)
- George C. Baker (b. 1951)
Compositions based on Lutheran chorales
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Vocal
Organ
Chorales also appear in chorale preludes, pieces generally for organ originally designed to be played immediately before the congregational singing of the hymn, but developed into an autonomous genre by north-German composers of the middle and late 17th century, particularly Dieterich Buxtehude.[6] A chorale prelude includes the melody of the chorale, and adds contrapuntal lines. One of the first composers to write chorale preludes was Samuel Scheidt. Bach's many chorale preludes are the best-known examples of the form. Later composers of the chorale prelude include Johannes Brahms, for example in his Eleven Chorale Preludes, and Max Reger who composed many examples, including Wie schön leucht' uns der Morgenstern (based on the hymn by Philipp Nicolai). In the 20th century, important contributions to the genre were made by Hugo Distler and Ernst Pepping.[6]
Other instrumental
- Sofia Gubaidulina – Meditation über den Bach-Choral "Vor deinen Thron tret' ich hiermit", for harpsichord, two violins, viola, cello, and contrabass (1993)
Scholarship
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Scholarship regarding Lutheran chorales intensified from the 19th century.[citation needed]
Carl von Winterfeld
The musicologist Carl von Winterfeld published three volumes of Der evangelische Kirchengesang und sein Verhältniss zur Kunst des Tonsatzes (Evangelical church-song and its relation to the art of composition) from 1843 to 1847.[7]
Zahn's classification of chorale tunes
Johannes Zahn published Die Melodien der deutschen evangelischen Kirchenlieder (the tunes of the German Evangelical hymns) in six volumes from 1889 to 1893.[8]
References
- ^ a b c d Marshall and Leaver 2001.
- ^ Leaver 2001.
- ^ Tovey 1911, 6:269.
- ^ Braun 2001.
- ^ Harten 1996, p. 145.
- ^ a b Marshall 2001.
- ^ Winterfeld 1843–1847.
- ^ Zahn 1889–1893.
Sources
- Braun, Werner. 2001. "Walter , Johann (i)". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
- Leaver, Robin A. 2001. "Luther, Martin". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
- Marshall, Robert L. 2001. "Chorale prelude". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
- Marshall, Robert L., and Robin A. Leaver. 2001. "Chorale". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
- Harten, Uwe. 1996. Anton Bruckner. Ein Handbuch. Salburg: Residenz Verlag. ISBN 3-7017-1030-9.
- Tovey, Donald Francis (1911). "Chorale". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Winterfeld, Carl von (1843–1847). Der evangelische Kirchengesang und sein Verhältniss zur Kunst des Tonsatzes (in German). Vol. I–III. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. Separate volumes at Google Books:
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link)- I (1843): Der Evangelische Kirchengesang im ersten Jahrhunderte der Kirchenverbesserung (first centuries of the reformation)
- II (1845): Der Evangelische Kirchengesang im siebzehnten Jahrhunderte (17th century)
- III (1847): Der Evangelische Kirchengesang im achtzehnten Jahrhunderte (18th century)
- Zahn, Johannes (1889–1893). Die Melodien der deutschen evangelischen Kirchenlieder (in German). Vol. I–VI. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann. Separate volumes at Internet Archive:
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link)- I (1889): Zweizeilige bis fünfzeilige Melodien (melodies in two to five lines), Nos. 1–2047
- II (1890): Sechszeilige Melodien (melodies in six lines), Nos. 2048–4216
- III (1890): Die siebenzeiligen und jambischen achtzeiligen Melodien (melodies in seven and eight iambic lines), Nos. 4217–6231
- IV (1891): Die Melodien von den achtzeiligen trochäischen bis zu den zehnzeiligen inkl. enthaltend (melodies in eight trochaic up to and including ten lines), Nos. 6232–8087
- V (1892): Die übrigen Melodien von den elfzeiligen an, nebst Anhang und Nachlese, sowie das chronologische Verzeichnis der Erfinder von Melodien und alphabetische Register der Melodien (the other melodies of eleven lines and more, with an annex and complement, and also a chronological index of composers of melodies and an alphabetical register of melodies), Nos.8088–8806
- VI (1893): Schlüßband: Chronologisches Verzeichnis der benutzten Gesang-, Melodien- und Choralbücher, und die letzten Nachträge (closing volume: chronological catalogue of used song-, melody- and choirbooks, and the last supplements)
Further reading
- Anon. 1980. "Chorale". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd. ISBN 1-56159-174-2.
- Lightwood, James Thomas (1906). "I: The German Chorale". Hymn-tunes and Their Story. London: Charles H. Kelly. pp. 1–22.
- Randel, Don Michael (ed.). 1986. The New Harvard Dictionary of Music, third edition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-61525-5.
- Randel, Don Michael (ed.). 2003. The Harvard Dictionary of Music, fourth edition. Cambridge: Belknap Press, for Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-011632.
- Wilson, Archibald W. (1920). Hughes, H. V. (ed.). The Chorales: Their Origin and Influence. Church Music Monographs. Vol. 1. London: Faith Press.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
- Chorale discussion by Bernard Greenberg in the J. S. Bach FAQ (archived copy)
- Complete sets of all four-part Bach chorale settings in MIDI or QuickTime format
- American Choral Music, 1870–1923, LoC
- ChoraleGUIDE – help with Bach chorale harmonization
- The Chorales of Bach's St. Matthew Passion
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Chorale
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Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme
Johann Sebastian Bach
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A Mighty Fortress Is Our God
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Veni redemptor gentium
Da pacem Domine
Erhalt uns, Herr, bei deinem Wort
Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland
Achtliederbuch
Erfurt Enchiridion
Johann Walter
Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn
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Liste von Kirchenliederkomponisten
Sebald Heyden
Nikolaus Herman
Johannes Hermann
Nikolaus Selnecker
Cyriakus Schneegass
Joachim a Burck
Philipp Nicolai
Bartholomäus Gesius
Michael Praetorius
Melchior Franck
Melchior Teschner
Michael Altenburg
Heinrich Schütz
Johann Hermann Schein
Samuel Scheidt
Johann Schop
Heinrich Scheidemann
Johann Crüger
Andreas Hammerschmidt
Dieterich Buxtehude
Gottfried Vopelius
Johann Pachelbel
Johann Sebastian Bach
St Matthew Passion
O Sacred Head, Now Wounded
Chorale cantata (Bach)
Chorale prelude
Chorale cantata (Bach)
Felix Mendelssohn
Anton Bruckner
Johannes Brahms
Max Reger
Sigfrid Karg-Elert
Igor Stravinsky
Ernst Pepping
Hugo Distler
Sofia Gubaidulina
George C. Baker
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Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern
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Hymnology
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Carl von Winterfeld
Evangelicalism
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Hymn tune
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
Stanley Sadie
John Tyrrell (musicologist)
ISBN (identifier)
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Donald Tovey
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chorale
Hugh Chisholm
Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
Carl von Winterfeld
Breitkopf & Härtel
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Johannes Zahn
Die Melodien der deutschen evangelischen Kirchenlieder (Zahn, Johannes)
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Stanley Sadie
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Hymn tune
Christe, du Lamm Gottes
Nun laßt uns Gott dem Herren
Puer natus in Bethlehem
Lobt Gott, ihr Christen alle gleich
Komm, Gott Schöpfer, Heiliger Geist
Christum wir sollen loben schon
Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her
Erhalt uns, Herr, bei deinem Wort
Nun lasst uns den Leib begraben
Herr Jesu Christ, wahr Mensch und Gott
Ach Gott, wie manches Herzeleid
Herr Jesu Christ, dich zu uns wend
Herzliebster Jesu
Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland
Aus der Tiefen rufe ich, Herr, zu dir
Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt
Warum betrübst du dich, mein Herz
In dich hab ich gehoffet, Herr
Erschienen ist der herrlich Tag
Ach wie flüchtig, ach wie nichtig
Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ
Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot
Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der den Tod überwand
Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist
Auf meinen lieben Gott
O Welt, sieh hier dein Leben
In dich hab ich gehoffet, Herr
In dich hab ich gehoffet, Herr
Vater unser im Himmelreich
Heut triumphieret Gottes Sohn
Wer nur den lieben Gott läßt walten
Meinen Jesum laß ich nicht
Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier
Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin
Herr Christ, der einig Gotts Sohn
O Lamm Gottes, unschuldig
Nun freut euch, lieben Christen g'mein
Es ist das Heil uns kommen her
Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein
Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit
Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir
Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält
Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält
Allein Gott in der Höh sei Ehr
Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut
In dulci jubilo
Now Thank We All Our God
Herzlich tut mich verlangen
Valet will ich dir geben
Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan
Christus, der uns selig macht
Jesu Leiden, Pein und Tod
Singet dem Herrn ein neues Lied
Liebster Gott, wann werd ich sterben
Werde munter, mein Gemüte
Liebster Gott, wann werd ich sterben
Schmücke dich, o liebe Seele
Christ lag in Todesbanden
Es ist genug
Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam
Es woll uns Gott genädig sein
A Mighty Fortress Is Our God
Komm, Heiliger Geist, Herre Gott
Was mein Gott will, das g'scheh allzeit
An Wasserflüssen Babylon
Wir glauben all an einen Gott
Die güldne Sonne voll Freud und Wonne
Jesu, meine Freude
Nun lob, mein Seel, den Herren
O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß
Herzlich lieb hab ich dich, o Herr
Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern
Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme
Christ ist erstanden
Herr Gott, dich loben wir
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Lutheran hymn
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Common Service Book
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Praxis pietatis melica
Becker Psalter
Evangelisches Gesangbuch
Danish language
Den Danske Salmebog
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Faroese language
Finnish language
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Virsikirja
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Passion Hymns
Norwegian language
Nokre salmar
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Een liten Songbook
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Hymnodist
Hymnologist
Mikael Agricola
Johann Georg Albinus
Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
Michael Altenburg
Anna Sophia II, Abbess of Quedlinburg
Johann Sebastian Bach
Countess Emilie Juliane of Barby-Mühlingen
Martin Behm
Sigmund von Birken
Carl Boberg
Birgitte Cathrine Boye
Hans Adolph Brorson
Johan Nordahl Brun
Joachim a Burck
Dieterich Buxtehude
Christian Cappelen
Elisabeth Cruciger
Johann Crüger
Simon Dach
Wolfgang Dachstein
Nikolaus Decius
Paul Eber
Ludmilla Elisabeth of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
Princess Eugénie of Sweden
Jacobus Finno
Paul Fleming (poet)
Johann Franck
Michael Franck
Melchior Franck
Salomon Franck
Frans Michael Franzén
Erik Gustaf Geijer
Paul Gerhardt
Bartholomäus Gesius
Johannes Gigas
N. F. S. Grundtvig
Britt G. Hallqvist
Andreas Hammerschmidt
Claus Harms
Fredrik Gabriel Hedberg
Christian Fürchtegott Gellert
Johann Heermann
Ludwig Helmbold
Valerius Herberger
Nikolaus Herman
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